Textual information has long been the backbone of formal education. Although the use visual and spoken language information predates the development of written text in human history, the use of text as an augment to human memory provided a great leap forward in educational settings. The guidelines in this section of the chapter focus on the work of Walther Kintsch (1998). Whereas many forms of mediated instruction have been used only over the last 100 years, written text has been used and developed for thousands of years. During the 1970s, in part as an attempt to represent knowledge with computers, two key ideas for further understanding of text processing were explored: proposition representation and schema theory