History of Makeup - Native Americans
Makeup has come a long way through the ages, and in different cultures people used different techniques and materials to achieve their looks. The majority of early products were made from natural ingredients, such as berries, beeswax, egg, ash, flower petals and even animal blood. Some people - most famously, Queen Elizabeth I - would even use dangerous materials such as lead to make their skin pale, which would pose serious dangers to their health. Other toxic materials used included mercury and arsenic, and in 16th Century Europe, women even bled themselves in order to make their skin pale. Beauty really was pain for them!
However, for a lot of cultures, makeup was used to define social/military status or even to assert their ferocity. This is mirrored in nature - animals use the markings on their skin to their advantage, whether it is for hunting purposes or to defend themselves against predators.
For Native American tribes, cultural face painting was used since ancient times and each tribe had different patterns and designs which were unique to them. It is an important tradition which allows the people to connect with their heritage, tell stories and to assert their social standing and power. They used all natural products to create their looks - a common tradition for Native Americans, as they worshipped and appreciated nature - and a variety of items such as roots, berries and tree barks were used to make dye. They also used clay, mud, plants, copper ore and even duck droppings, and these were chosen because of the variety of colours they provided. The artists would simply add warm water to the products and apply them to the face and body using brushes, again made from natural materials such as willow sticks, chewed cottonwood or even buffalo bone.
Colour was a very important element when it came to face painting - each colour had a symbolic purpose, and their placement on the face helped tell the story. Red was the colour of aggression, danger and war. White, as you may guess, symbolised peace. Black was the colour of living, and was worn during war preparations. Green was worn under the eyes and was believed to give the person night vision. Yellow, interestingly, was the colour of death and was worn when a person was in mourning, and on men it conveyed that the man had lived a long life and would fight to the end.
These colours would be applied in a variety of patterns, which would range from a few lines to the whole face being covered.
To us, makeup may seem like something which is used to make the wearer look beautiful, but across different cultures it holds varied meanings. I am really interested in Native American culture, art and literature, and to them makeup holds something which lies beneath the surface - it tells the story of their lives and the lives of their ancestors. This is really inspiring to me :)
Native American Face Paint; Customs, Colors, Designs
FEB 9
Posted by Anthropology Lover
For thousands of years, cultural groups from all over the world have participated in ceremonial face painting for a variety of reasons. However, the amount of available scholarly information regarding ceremonial and cultural face painting is scarce. Furthermore, face painting traditional customs, colors, and designs, have either been passed down orally through storytelling, or have been documented by white explorers and journalists who may not have had the cultural sensitivity to fully understand and relay the authentic spiritual symbolism and meaning behind the various colors and designs. Therefore, by combining information from Native American websites with scholarly resources, my aim is to give a respectful and general description of traditional Native American face painting; including the significance of colors, designs, and rituals, of a variety of Native American cultures such as California, Great Basin, Northwest and Northeast Coast, Southeast and Plains tribes.
Native Americans commonly viewed face painting not only as an act of social distinction and cultural heritage, but as a significant aspect in cultural and spiritual ceremonies and rituals. Ceremonial paint was also used to hide ones identity, as well as to obtain power from the creature or spirit represented. ( Lewis, 2009) Colored paints were used for decoration and ornamentation, but most importantly for spiritual power, and “at times constituting a prayer to a super natural being.” (Densmore, 2006) The design and color of face paint was an individual choice, chosen to “harmonize with the individual’s attire, purpose, dreams, or visions.” (Densmore, 2006) Face paint was also used to intimidate an adversary, such as when Tecumseh and his warriors met with William Henry Harrison, the warriors were all wearing war face paint, which undoubtedly struck fear amongst the US soldiers who witnessed the event.
The common link between nearly all Native American tribes was the brotherhood with nature, the earth, and animals, and the belief that the natural materials used in making the paint also had the ability to impart animating powers to the paint, which would then be conveyed to the recipient. (Zedeno, 2008) When paint was applied to an object it became a person, and likewise, paint applied to a person transformed that person with a gift of extraordinary characteristics and powers, such as courage, strength, stealth, health, etc. (Zedeno, 2008) As Nicholas Black Elk, an Oglala holy man stated; “By being painted, the people have been changed. They have undergone a new birth, and with this they have new responsibilities, new obligations, and a new relationship.” (Brown, 1953)
Among the various tribal Nations, specific colors were used symbolically. Several of the colors have universal meaning, yet variations are common tribally, as well as individually. For the individual, “a kaleidoscope of paint colors and designs held special meanings, portraying secret mystical messages or visions.” (Palmer, 2006)
Face and body paint was an essential component in Plains culture. Plains warriors painted their faces with protective colors and patterns before engaging the enemy; this is where the term ‘war paint’ originated. (Holmes, 2010) Because the Plains warrior deemed his paint as a protective talisman, he would not only paint his face, but his body and horse as well. And in times of war, the Plains women would streak their noses, cheeks, and foreheads with paint. (Densmore, 2006)
Pawnee men often painted their body with red or yellow stripes, and painted the tips of their eyelids red. At other times they painted their entire face, or the upper half red. (Paterek, 1994) Similarly, the Osage painted red around their eyes and hairline. (Paterek, 1994) The Pawnee also sacrificed a young girl for the Morning Star ceremony, and painted half of her body red and the other half black. (Paterek, 1994) And, Pawnee scouts were known to paint their faces white in order to gain stealth and tracking abilities from the wolf. (Paterek, 1994)
Currently, there is no indication that Southwest tribes developed warrior face painting traditions, yet they did use ceremonial face paint, as well as black and white masks. (Paterek, 1994)
In the Northeast, the cultural tradition was to rub fish oil and bear fat on the skin for protection and also to keep the skin smooth. Both men and women of the Northeast applied red paint on their foreheads and cheeks for certain occasions. (Paterek, 1994) Similarly, most Great Basin tribes applied basic designs for ceremonial gatherings; the favorite colors were red, black, yellow, and white. However, Shoshone tribes painted more complex patterns, such as “snakes, bears, wavy lines, and horse shoes.” (Paterek, 1994)
Face paint was extremely popular with California tribes, where red, black, yellow, and white were used for ritualistic ceremonies. The Chumash considered face paint to be an integral part of ceremonial dress and were known to utilize a variety of designs, such as “zig-zags, stripes, and checkers.” (Paterek, 1994) The customary colors were black, red, brown, and white; and some dancers covered their faces with red then added black and white dots. To the Chumash, “color and design indicated status.” (Paterek, 1994)
Body and face painting was a daily routine for the Mohave. Each day they would paint themselves in black, red, and white, and are recognized as having painted themselves more than any other California tribe. (Paterek, 1994)
Likewise, Northwest Coastal tribes painted their faces daily, and like the Northeast tribes, their purpose was for protection from the sun and wind, as well as for additional warmth. Black, white, and red face paint was applied for ceremonies, and stamps were used for repeated patterns. Crushed mica was also added to give a glitter effect to the paint for special occasions. (Paterek, 1994) Makah followed the coastal tradition of daily painting; using blue, black, and white. Makah often painted as much as twice a day, using different designs in the morning and afternoon. Animal and checkerboard patterns were customary, although the Makah warriors and chiefs painted their entire face with black paint that had been mixed with glittering mica flakes to create a “terrifying effect.” (Paterek, 1994)
Tattoos and masks were the most popular Southeast traditions. Nevertheless, face paint was used as a “masculine adornment” during festivals. (Paterek, 1994) Red, black, russet, and yellow, were the most common colors, and white was used on the last day of the festival. (Paterek, 1994) The Southeast Ojibwa were also “fond of face painting.” (Paterek, 1994) The most common colors were red and black, and they used simple designs such as bars, patches, and dots. It was also customary for the Ojibwa to plaster his back with white clay and have figures or designs painted on it. (Paterek, 1994)
Throughout the vast number of Native American cultures,
ประวัติศาสตร์ชนพื้นเมืองอเมริกัน - แต่งหน้าแต่งหน้ามาทางที่ยาวนานผ่านยุคสมัย และในวัฒนธรรมที่แตกต่าง คนใช้วัสดุและเทคนิคต่าง ๆ เพื่อให้บรรลุลักษณะของพวกเขา ส่วนใหญ่ของผลิตภัณฑ์ก่อนได้ทำจากวัสดุธรรมชาติ ครบ ขี้ ไข่ เถ้า ดอกไม้กลีบ และแม้แต่สัตว์เลือด บางคน - มากที่สุดซึ่ง ควีนอลิซาเบธ - ฉันแม้จะใช้วัสดุอันตรายเช่นนำไปทำให้ผิวของซีด ซึ่งจะก่อให้เกิดอันตรายร้ายแรงเพื่อสุขภาพของพวกเขา ใช้วัสดุที่เป็นพิษอื่น ๆ รวมสารปรอทและสารหนู และในศตวรรษที่ 16 ยุโรป ผู้หญิงแม้แต่คราวที่แล้วตัวเองเพื่อทำให้ผิวของพวกเขาอ่อน สวยงามจริง ๆ เป็นความเจ็บปวดพวกเขาอย่างไรก็ตาม สำหรับมากของวัฒนธรรม แต่งหน้าใช้กำหนดสถานะทางสังคม/ทหาร หรือแม้แต่ เพื่อยืนยันรูปความดุร้ายของพวกเขา นี้เป็นมิเรอร์ในธรรมชาติ - สัตว์ใช้ร่องรอยบนผิวของพวกเขาให้เป็นประโยชน์ ไม่ว่าจะเพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการล่าสัตว์ หรือ เพื่อปกป้องตัวเองกับล่าชาวอเมริกันพื้นเมืองชนเผ่า จิตรกรรมวัฒนธรรมหน้าใช้มาตั้งแต่โบราณ และแต่ละเผ่ามีรูปแบบและการออกแบบซึ่งไม่ซ้ำกันไป มันเป็นประเพณีสำคัญซึ่งช่วยให้คน เพื่อเชื่อมต่อกับของตนเอง บอกเรื่องราว และ เพื่อยืนยันรูปยืนทางสังคมและพลังของพวกเขา จะใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์จากธรรมชาติทั้งหมดเพื่อสร้างลักษณะของพวกเขา - ประเพณีทั่วไปในกลุ่มชนพื้นเมืองอเมริกัน พวกเขาบูชา และชื่นชมธรรมชาติ - และหลากหลายรายการเช่นครบ ราก และเปลือกต้นใช้ทำสีย้อม พวกเขายังใช้ดินเหนียว โคลน พืช แร่ทองแดง และมูลเป็ดแม้ และเหล่านี้ถูกเลือกเนื่องจากความหลากหลายของสีที่พวกเขาให้ ศิลปินจะเพียงเพิ่มตู้สินค้า และใช้ใบหน้าและร่างกายใช้แปรง ทำจากวัสดุธรรมชาติเช่นไม้วิลโลว์ คอทเทจวู๊ด chewed อีก หรือแม้กระทั่งควายกระดูกสีเป็นองค์ประกอบสำคัญมากเมื่อมาเจอะจิตรกรรม- แต่ละสีมีสัญลักษณ์วัตถุประสงค์ และตำแหน่งการวางบนใบหน้าช่วยบอกเรื่องราว สีแดงสีรุกราน อันตราย และสงครามได้ สีขาว ที่คุณอาจคาดเดา symbolised สันติภาพ สีดำเป็นสีของที่อยู่อาศัย และถูกสวมใส่ในระหว่างการเตรียมสงคราม สีเขียวถูกสวมใส่ภายใต้ตา และไม่เชื่อว่าการให้บุคคลคืนวิสัยทัศน์ สีเหลือง เป็นสีของความตายเป็นเรื่องน่าสนใจ และสวมใส่เมื่อถูกผู้ไว้ทุกข์ และคน มันแจ้งว่า คนมีชีวิตอยู่อายุ และจะต่อสู้ตามสีเหล่านี้จะถูกใช้ในหลากหลายรูปแบบ ซึ่งจะช่วงจากบรรทัดไม่กี่หน้าทั้งหมดถูกครอบคลุมเรา แต่งหน้าอาจดูเหมือนสิ่งที่ใช้เพื่อทำให้ผู้สวมใส่ดูสวยงาม แต่ในวัฒนธรรมที่แตกต่าง มันมีความหมายแตกต่างกัน ฉันสนใจจริง ๆ ในวัฒนธรรมอเมริกันพื้นเมือง ศิลปะ และวรรณคดี และพวกเขาแต่งหน้าเก็บสิ่งที่อยู่ใต้ผิวน้ำ - มันบอกเรื่องราวของชีวิตและชีวิตของบรรพบุรุษของพวกเขา นี่คือแรงบันดาลใจจริง ๆ ฉัน:)สีหน้าชาวอเมริกันพื้นเมือง ศุลกากร สี ออกแบบวันที่ 9 ก.พ.โพสต์ โดยรักมานุษยวิทยา พัน ๆ ปี กลุ่มวัฒนธรรมจากทั่วโลกได้มีส่วนร่วมในพิธีหน้าจิตรกรรมสำหรับหลากหลายเหตุผล อย่างไรก็ตาม ของว่าง scholarly เกี่ยวกับจิตรกรรมพิธีกรรม และวัฒนธรรมหน้าจะขาดแคลน นอกจากนี้ หน้าศุลกากรแบบภาพวาด สี และการออกแบบ อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งแล้วผ่านลงเนื้อหา storytelling หรือจัดทำเอกสาร โดยขาวเอ็กซ์พลอเรอร์และนักข่าวที่อาจไม่มีความไวทางวัฒนธรรมอย่างเข้าใจ และถ่ายทอดข้อมูลสัญลักษณ์ทางจิตวิญญาณที่แท้จริงและความหมายเบื้องหลังสีต่าง ๆ และการออกแบบ ดังนั้น โดยรวมข้อมูลจากเว็บไซต์ชาวอเมริกันพื้นเมืองที่มีทรัพยากร scholarly จุดมุ่งหมายของฉันคือการ กำหนดคำอธิบายทั่วไป และเคารพของจิตรกรรมหน้าชาวอเมริกันพื้นเมืองแบบดั้งเดิม รวมทั้งความสำคัญ ของสี รูปแบบ พิธีกรรม หลากหลายวัฒนธรรมอเมริกันพื้นเมืองเช่นชาวแคลิฟอร์เนีย อ่างล้างหน้าดี ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ และชาย ฝั่งตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ และที่ราบ ชาวอเมริกันพื้นเมืองทั่วไปดูภาพวาดใบหน้าไม่เพียงแต่เป็นความแตกต่างทางสังคมและวัฒนธรรม แต่ เป็นด้านสำคัญในพิธีวัฒนธรรม และจิตวิญญาณและพิธีกรรม กัญญาสียังถูกใช้เพื่อซ่อนตัว เช่นคนเป็นการได้รับพลังงานจากสิ่งมีชีวิตหรือจิตวิญญาณที่แสดง (Lewis, 2009) ใช้สีสี สำหรับตกแต่งและโอบ แต่สำคัญ สำหรับพลังงานทางจิตวิญญาณ และ "พ.ศ.2542 คำอธิษฐานเพื่อซุปเปอร์ธรรมชาติที่เป็น" (Densmore, 2006) การออกแบบและสีของสีหน้าได้เป็นแต่ละทางเลือก เลือก "ประสานของแต่ละชุด วัตถุประสงค์ ความฝัน หรือวิสัยทัศน์" (Densmore, 2006) สีหน้ายังใช้ข่มขู่ปฏิปักษ์ เช่น Tecumseh และนักรบของเขาได้พบกับ William Henry Harrison นักรบไม่ได้ถูกทั้งหมดสวมสงครามหน้าสี ซึ่งไม่ต้องสงสัยหลงกลัวท่ามกลางทหารสหรัฐฯ ที่เห็นเหตุการณ์ The common link between nearly all Native American tribes was the brotherhood with nature, the earth, and animals, and the belief that the natural materials used in making the paint also had the ability to impart animating powers to the paint, which would then be conveyed to the recipient. (Zedeno, 2008) When paint was applied to an object it became a person, and likewise, paint applied to a person transformed that person with a gift of extraordinary characteristics and powers, such as courage, strength, stealth, health, etc. (Zedeno, 2008) As Nicholas Black Elk, an Oglala holy man stated; “By being painted, the people have been changed. They have undergone a new birth, and with this they have new responsibilities, new obligations, and a new relationship.” (Brown, 1953) Among the various tribal Nations, specific colors were used symbolically. Several of the colors have universal meaning, yet variations are common tribally, as well as individually. For the individual, “a kaleidoscope of paint colors and designs held special meanings, portraying secret mystical messages or visions.” (Palmer, 2006)Face and body paint was an essential component in Plains culture. Plains warriors painted their faces with protective colors and patterns before engaging the enemy; this is where the term ‘war paint’ originated. (Holmes, 2010) Because the Plains warrior deemed his paint as a protective talisman, he would not only paint his face, but his body and horse as well. And in times of war, the Plains women would streak their noses, cheeks, and foreheads with paint. (Densmore, 2006) Pawnee men often painted their body with red or yellow stripes, and painted the tips of their eyelids red. At other times they painted their entire face, or the upper half red. (Paterek, 1994) Similarly, the Osage painted red around their eyes and hairline. (Paterek, 1994) The Pawnee also sacrificed a young girl for the Morning Star ceremony, and painted half of her body red and the other half black. (Paterek, 1994) And, Pawnee scouts were known to paint their faces white in order to gain stealth and tracking abilities from the wolf. (Paterek, 1994) Currently, there is no indication that Southwest tribes developed warrior face painting traditions, yet they did use ceremonial face paint, as well as black and white masks. (Paterek, 1994)In the Northeast, the cultural tradition was to rub fish oil and bear fat on the skin for protection and also to keep the skin smooth. Both men and women of the Northeast applied red paint on their foreheads and cheeks for certain occasions. (Paterek, 1994) Similarly, most Great Basin tribes applied basic designs for ceremonial gatherings; the favorite colors were red, black, yellow, and white. However, Shoshone tribes painted more complex patterns, such as “snakes, bears, wavy lines, and horse shoes.” (Paterek, 1994)Face paint was extremely popular with California tribes, where red, black, yellow, and white were used for ritualistic ceremonies. The Chumash considered face paint to be an integral part of ceremonial dress and were known to utilize a variety of designs, such as “zig-zags, stripes, and checkers.” (Paterek, 1994) The customary colors were black, red, brown, and white; and some dancers covered their faces with red then added black and white dots. To the Chumash, “color and design indicated status.” (Paterek, 1994) Body and face painting was a daily routine for the Mohave. Each day they would paint themselves in black, red, and white, and are recognized as having painted themselves more than any other California tribe. (Paterek, 1994)Likewise, Northwest Coastal tribes painted their faces daily, and like the Northeast tribes, their purpose was for protection from the sun and wind, as well as for additional warmth. Black, white, and red face paint was applied for ceremonies, and stamps were used for repeated patterns. Crushed mica was also added to give a glitter effect to the paint for special occasions. (Paterek, 1994) Makah followed the coastal tradition of daily painting; using blue, black, and white. Makah often painted as much as twice a day, using different designs in the morning and afternoon. Animal and checkerboard patterns were customary, although the Makah warriors and chiefs painted their entire face with black paint that had been mixed with glittering mica flakes to create a “terrifying effect.” (Paterek, 1994)Tattoos and masks were the most popular Southeast traditions. Nevertheless, face paint was used as a “masculine adornment” during festivals. (Paterek, 1994) Red, black, russet, and yellow, were the most common colors, and white was used on the last day of the festival. (Paterek, 1994) The Southeast Ojibwa were also “fond of face painting.” (Paterek, 1994) The most common colors were red and black, and they used simple designs such as bars, patches, and dots. It was also customary for the Ojibwa to plaster his back with white clay and have figures or designs painted on it. (Paterek, 1994)
Throughout the vast number of Native American cultures,
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