well as dissemination of knowledge of better and more
scientific agricultural methodoligies would help allievate the
severe food shortage faced by the Sundarbans farmers
currently. Further, through creation of robust storage and
marketing infrastructure, the people could access other
markets to sell their produce which would ensure better
economic returns.
2) Construction of disaster resistant homes: Following a
tidal surge in 2007, GOAL piloted an intervention to build
disaster resistant houses for the poor residents of the
Sundarbans. Since most homes built in the Sundarbans are
made of mud and wattle, the organisation chose to use
vernacular architecture with modern disaster resistant
technology. Based on this, it was noted that in 2007 when
cyclone Aila hit the Sundarbans, all 265 homes constructed by
GOAL mostly withstood the natural disaster. The Government
should liaise with the organization to build more such homes
on a large scale basis. The Government’s intervention is
especially required as poor farmers may require assistance in
replacement of certain construction material.
3) Awareness and information: The Central and the State
Governments must educate the people about climate change
and methods of adaptation. It has been observed that over a
period of time the people have lost their traditional knowledge
but have not been able to replace it with new or mainstream
knowledge. The Government should conduct training and
mass awareness programs in alliance with non-governmental
organisations to ensure that the people are aware of the threats
of climate change as well as measures to reduce their own
carbon foot print in their daily lives.
4) Tourism versus Eco-tourism: It has been noted that in
recent years tourism has increased exponentially in Sundarban
Tiger Reserve. Currently close to 100,000 tourists, including
foreign tourists, visit the area annually.vv However, tourists are
not practising ‘eco-tourism’ and waste products such as plastic
have been found in the core areas of the national park. The
State Government should take measures to ensure that tourists
adhere to eco-tourism i.e. tourism that involves travelling to
relatively undisturbed natural areas with the specified
objectives of studying, admiring and enjoying the sceneries
and its wild plants and animals, as well as in existing cultural
aspects found in these areas. Thus eco-tourism, differing from
purely commercial tourism or mass tourism, would require
lesser infrastructure development and lower impact on the
environment, while simultaneously providing employment
opportunities to the local people. ww
5) Embankments: The creation of a 3,500 kilometer
embankment across the Sundarbans has created a problem of
trapped silt, shallow channels and stagnation of water. The
State Government needs to strategise new embankment
engineering and resources should be channelized towards invv
Wild Bengal. Directorate of Forests, Government of West Bengal,
Government of India. June 10, 2012.
http://www.wildbengal.com/urls/con_ar_tr_sunderban.htm.
ww West Bengal Forest Department. June 10, 2012.
http://westbengalforest.gov.in/urls_all/activities_eco_tourism.html.
depth research on what kind of embankment in which areas
would last without causing collateral damages. Further, the
Government must construct/retrofit embankments along the
sea as well as rivers based on the likely return periods and
raise heights to a maximum to prevent storm surges.
6) Adaptation Governance: Management of Sundarbans
within the context of the challenges faced due to climate
change should be the prime focus of the Government’s policy.
At the first level, successful adaptation governance in
Sundarban will depend on carrying out extensive research
about how the climate change impacts interact with
developmental failures. At the second, it would be key to
understand how these findings lead to better management
policies, followed by how effectively they can be
implemented. Success of these two steps will depend on how
aware the population is about the changes in the natural
systems, interpret their implications and make informed
choices about the solutions provided by the Government.
7) Release of additional fresh water: The rise in salinity in
the Sundarbans has been exacerbated by rise in sea levels and
deep ingress by saline water. However, a primary cause for
rise in salinity and resultant change in the ecological patterns
is because of increased consumption of upstream freshwater
and release for very little freshwater into the Sundarbans. The
lack of freshwater has causd several creeks to turn completely
saline, with only the monsoons providing freshwater supply.
The Government will be required to increase the supply of
freshwater into the Sundarbans to ensure the existence of the
area as an estuarine delta.
8) Afforestation programs: Certain portions of the
Sundarbans have been designated as ‘deforested mangrove
swamps’, mostly in the western and central regions of the
delta. Since these areas are uninhabited, the Government must
carry out afforestation programs at the earnest to ensure that
the loss of mangrive cover is offset to the maximum extent
possible. Further, the Government should invest in studies in
research to identify the level of tolerance of the various
existing mangrove species
9) Protection of threatened species: The MoEF and the
Government of West Bengal should jointly take steps to
identify both floral and faunal species, especially the Heritiera
fomes or ‘Sundari’ mangrove species and identify strategies
for their conservation and protection.
10) International Funding: For a poor country such as
India, development activities in itself are an expensive
investment. The added pressure of emmission cuts and
adoption of cleaner energy technologies have added an
additional financial burdens that needs to be dealt with. The
additional climate burden is a result of unchecked emissions in
the developed world over the last two centuries and has little
to do with the way locals in India have lived for ages.
Therefore, adoption of energy efficient technology as well as
measures to allievate problems caused by climate change
would require international funding arrangements to offset the
well as dissemination of knowledge of better and morescientific agricultural methodoligies would help allievate thesevere food shortage faced by the Sundarbans farmerscurrently. Further, through creation of robust storage andmarketing infrastructure, the people could access othermarkets to sell their produce which would ensure bettereconomic returns.2) Construction of disaster resistant homes: Following atidal surge in 2007, GOAL piloted an intervention to builddisaster resistant houses for the poor residents of theSundarbans. Since most homes built in the Sundarbans aremade of mud and wattle, the organisation chose to usevernacular architecture with modern disaster resistanttechnology. Based on this, it was noted that in 2007 whencyclone Aila hit the Sundarbans, all 265 homes constructed byGOAL mostly withstood the natural disaster. The Governmentshould liaise with the organization to build more such homeson a large scale basis. The Government’s intervention isespecially required as poor farmers may require assistance inreplacement of certain construction material.3) Awareness and information: The Central and the StateGovernments must educate the people about climate changeand methods of adaptation. It has been observed that over aperiod of time the people have lost their traditional knowledgebut have not been able to replace it with new or mainstreamknowledge. The Government should conduct training andmass awareness programs in alliance with non-governmentalorganisations to ensure that the people are aware of the threatsof climate change as well as measures to reduce their owncarbon foot print in their daily lives.4) Tourism versus Eco-tourism: It has been noted that inrecent years tourism has increased exponentially in SundarbanTiger Reserve. Currently close to 100,000 tourists, includingforeign tourists, visit the area annually.vv However, tourists arenot practising ‘eco-tourism’ and waste products such as plastichave been found in the core areas of the national park. TheState Government should take measures to ensure that touristsadhere to eco-tourism i.e. tourism that involves travelling torelatively undisturbed natural areas with the specifiedobjectives of studying, admiring and enjoying the sceneriesand its wild plants and animals, as well as in existing culturalaspects found in these areas. Thus eco-tourism, differing frompurely commercial tourism or mass tourism, would requirelesser infrastructure development and lower impact on theenvironment, while simultaneously providing employmentopportunities to the local people. ww5) Embankments: The creation of a 3,500 kilometerembankment across the Sundarbans has created a problem oftrapped silt, shallow channels and stagnation of water. TheState Government needs to strategise new embankmentengineering and resources should be channelized towards invvWild Bengal. Directorate of Forests, Government of West Bengal,Government of India. June 10, 2012.http://www.wildbengal.com/urls/con_ar_tr_sunderban.htm.ww West Bengal Forest Department. June 10, 2012.http://westbengalforest.gov.in/urls_all/activities_eco_tourism.html.depth research on what kind of embankment in which areaswould last without causing collateral damages. Further, theGovernment must construct/retrofit embankments along thesea as well as rivers based on the likely return periods andraise heights to a maximum to prevent storm surges.6) Adaptation Governance: Management of Sundarbanswithin the context of the challenges faced due to climatechange should be the prime focus of the Government’s policy.At the first level, successful adaptation governance inSundarban will depend on carrying out extensive researchabout how the climate change impacts interact withdevelopmental failures. At the second, it would be key tounderstand how these findings lead to better managementpolicies, followed by how effectively they can beimplemented. Success of these two steps will depend on howaware the population is about the changes in the naturalsystems, interpret their implications and make informedchoices about the solutions provided by the Government.7) Release of additional fresh water: The rise in salinity inthe Sundarbans has been exacerbated by rise in sea levels anddeep ingress by saline water. However, a primary cause forrise in salinity and resultant change in the ecological patterns
is because of increased consumption of upstream freshwater
and release for very little freshwater into the Sundarbans. The
lack of freshwater has causd several creeks to turn completely
saline, with only the monsoons providing freshwater supply.
The Government will be required to increase the supply of
freshwater into the Sundarbans to ensure the existence of the
area as an estuarine delta.
8) Afforestation programs: Certain portions of the
Sundarbans have been designated as ‘deforested mangrove
swamps’, mostly in the western and central regions of the
delta. Since these areas are uninhabited, the Government must
carry out afforestation programs at the earnest to ensure that
the loss of mangrive cover is offset to the maximum extent
possible. Further, the Government should invest in studies in
research to identify the level of tolerance of the various
existing mangrove species
9) Protection of threatened species: The MoEF and the
Government of West Bengal should jointly take steps to
identify both floral and faunal species, especially the Heritiera
fomes or ‘Sundari’ mangrove species and identify strategies
for their conservation and protection.
10) International Funding: For a poor country such as
India, development activities in itself are an expensive
investment. The added pressure of emmission cuts and
adoption of cleaner energy technologies have added an
additional financial burdens that needs to be dealt with. The
additional climate burden is a result of unchecked emissions in
the developed world over the last two centuries and has little
to do with the way locals in India have lived for ages.
Therefore, adoption of energy efficient technology as well as
measures to allievate problems caused by climate change
would require international funding arrangements to offset the
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