forms. It could even be said that the ideal of direct
democracy has never completely died out and has survived
in radical political groups which have always tended to
consider representative democracy not as an inevitable
adaptation of the principle of popular sovereignty to the
requirements of large states, but as a shameful and mistaken
deviation from the original idea of government by the
people, for the people and through the people. As is well
known, Marx believed that several intimations of direct
democracy were brought together in the brief experience
of political government which was found in the Paris
Commune between March and April of 1871. The theme
was strongly taken up again by Lenin in State and Revolution
(1917), an essay which was meant to have guided the mind
and behaviour of the constructors of the new state which
was rising from the ashes of Tsarist autocracy. Direct
democracy is often contrasted, as the real form of socialist
democracy, with representative democracy which is condemned
as truncated and deceitful and, moreover, the only
form of democracy possible in a class state such as the
bourgeois state. By direct democracy is meant all those
forms of participation in power which do not constitute any
kind of representation (neither the representation of general
and political interests nor the representation of particular
and organic interests): that is, (a) government by the people
through delegates with specified and revocable mandates;
(b) government by an assembly (namely, government not
only without irrevocable or mandated representatives, but
also without delegates); (c) referendum.
The first of these is found in the present Soviet
Constitution, whose Article 142 says that 'every deputy is
accountable to the electorate for his own work and for the
work of the Soviet of workers' deputies, and may be
recalled at any moment by a majority decision of the
electorate.' In most constitutions of popular democracies,
the second form usually belongs to an emerging phase of
collective movements, the so-called 'birth phase' which
precedes institutionalization; recent examples are the stud
forms. It could even be said that the ideal of directdemocracy has never completely died out and has survivedin radical political groups which have always tended toconsider representative democracy not as an inevitableadaptation of the principle of popular sovereignty to therequirements of large states, but as a shameful and mistakendeviation from the original idea of government by thepeople, for the people and through the people. As is wellknown, Marx believed that several intimations of directdemocracy were brought together in the brief experienceof political government which was found in the ParisCommune between March and April of 1871. The themewas strongly taken up again by Lenin in State and Revolution(1917), an essay which was meant to have guided the mindand behaviour of the constructors of the new state whichwas rising from the ashes of Tsarist autocracy. Directdemocracy is often contrasted, as the real form of socialistdemocracy, with representative democracy which is condemnedas truncated and deceitful and, moreover, the onlyform of democracy possible in a class state such as thebourgeois state. By direct democracy is meant all thoseforms of participation in power which do not constitute anykind of representation (neither the representation of generaland political interests nor the representation of particularand organic interests): that is, (a) government by the peopleโดยผู้รับมอบสิทธิ์กับเอกสารที่ระบุ และ revocable(ข) รัฐบาล โดยแอสเซมบลี (ได้แก่ รัฐบาลไม่เท่านั้น โดยไม่มีการเพิกถอนไม่ได้ หรือบังคับพนักงาน แต่ยังไม่ มีผู้รับมอบสิทธิ์); (ค) การลงประชามติต้องอยู่ในโซเวียตปัจจุบันรัฐธรรมนูญ 142 บทความบอกว่า ' เป็นรองทุกรับผิดชอบให้ในรูปแบบ สำหรับงานของเขาเอง และการทำงานของโซเวียตของแรงงานผู้แทนราษฎรสเปน และอาจยกเลิกในช่วงเวลาใด ๆ โดยการตัดสินใจส่วนใหญ่ของการเขตเลือกตั้ง " ในส่วนใหญ่แคลเร็นเหมือน ๆ นิยมแบบที่สองมักจะเป็นระยะการเกิดใหม่ของความเคลื่อนไหวรวม เรียกว่า 'เกิดเฟส' ซึ่งก่อนหน้า institutionalization อย่างล่าสุดหมาก
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