These private standards are also based on a farm to table preventative approach.
As such, they increase the need for supply chain coordination in markets where such standards are a requirement for access.
As part of the development of private standards, the articulation of “Good Agricultural Practices” or GAPs has evolved to address practices that include pesticide application and the control of microbial pathogens at the farm level.
Other standards have evolved to address food processing, all based on the HACCP paradigm. In high income countries, several studies have examined the increased vertical coordination as well as how third party certification supports compliance (eg., Hobbs et al.,2001; Henson and Hooker, 20 01).