1.More fluid leaves capillaries if the hydrostatic pressure in vessels is increased (interference with venous drainage, heart failure).
2. More fluid leaves capillaries with reduced plasma oocotic pressure (hypoproteinemia).
3.More fluid leaves capillaries if vascular permeability is altered (allergic responses liberating histamine, acute inflammation).
The two most important types of the edema are seen as a consequence of cardiac failure:
Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lung. It is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vascular bed, resulting from failure of the left side of the heart.
Subcutaneous edema is the accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in the systemic venous system, resulting from failure of the right side of the heart .
Hemorrhage is caused by of blood vessels
Hemorrhage is cause by rupture of blood vessels. Massive exsanguination is usually caused by trams to a major artery or vein, but may also result from bursting of a vessels weakened by disease.
Hemorrhage is an accumulation of blood within soft tissues. It is usually due to traumatic damage to vessels, but occasionally follows spontaneous rupture of diseased vessels.
Petechiae (1-2 mm diameter) and purple (2-10 mm diameter) are small tissue hemorrhage, often seen in the skin, due to either abnormal small tissue vessels fragility, abnormal blood clotting or an abrupt increase in pressure within small ventless and capillaries.
The accumulation of blood in an anatomic space is related to local bleeding. Example include hemopericardium : usually due to rupture of the heart or the ascending aorta ; hemothorax : blood in the pleural cavities due to trauma or rupture of the aorta ; hemoperitoneum: usually due to rupture of an aortic aneurysm or traumatic damage to liver or spleen; hemarthrosis: a collection of blood in a joint space due either to direct trauma, or to a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia.