A third question is how inclusive or exclusive this approach to enterprise is. In the UK, government policy is that 'enterprise is truly open to all'. This democratic intent is laudable in principle but requires sustained change to achieve in practice. In most countries, the role of the illegal, informal or 'grey' economy is substantial and long¬standing, often practised by people who consider themselves excluded from participating in the mainstream economy. In many Central and East European post-socialist economies, entrepreneurship was illegal before the fall of the Berlin wall, and in Russia there were serious concerns that entrepreneurship meant a transfer of assets from state to private ownership by an exclusive elite. Social structures such as apartheid in South Africa constrained Black entrepreneurship, and even today, governments act to stifle entrepre¬neurship by groups within their populations. The government of Israel promotes Israeli businesses, but has forced many Palestinian entrepreneurs out of business. So a challenge to governments and societies is whether enterprise is seen as a means of economic empow¬erment for the majority, or*self-enrichment for a few.