Based on these results, the extra teaching required for co-op at Waterloo is about 10.7%. Since co-op students account for 57.8% of Waterloo’s undergraduate BIUs, this would translate into an increase of 18.4% in BIUs for co-op programs. The amount of extra teaching required for co-op at other universities will vary somewhat depending on the nature and size of their co-op programs. However, we believe that the 18.4% figure should be regarded as minimal because it benefits from the efficiencies of Waterloo’s large-scale co-op operation.