conceptual overlap between Leonard et al.’s (1999) concepts of external selfconcept
motivation and instrumental motivation. In fact, if we consider
instrumental motivation as a refinement of more established motivational
concepts (e.g., extrinsic motivation), we can see that the relationship identified
here, between external self-concept motivation and instrumental motivation,
is not counterintuitive. Both concepts relate to reward that is extrinsic
to the individual. In the case of instrumental motivation, this is manifest
primarily through remuneration.