We will start with the probability that a student takes any of the classes at all, P(S ∪ F ∪G) and from it, subtract off the areas that are not shaded in the diagram. First subtract off P(S∩F). Note that P(S∩F) includes part of the highest level intersection P(S ∩ F ∩ G). Next, subtract off P(F ∩ G) but this also contains the highest level intersection which means we are subtracting out that intersection twice, so we add one P(S∩F ∩G) back. Now we subtract off P(S∩G), but again, this contains the highest order intersection, so we must add another one back again. This is the principle of inclusion and exclusion. Then,