INDUCTION MOTOR
1. Introduction: The Induction motor is a three phase AC motor and is the most widely used machine. Its characteristic features are-
o Simple and rugged construction
o Low cost and minimum maintenance
o High reliability and sufficiently high efficiency
o Needs no extra starting motor and need not be synchronized
An Induction motor has basically two parts – Stator and Rotor
The Stator is made up of a number of stampings with slots to carry three phase windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart. Two types of rotors are used in Induction motors - Squirrel-cage rotor and Wound rotor.
INDUCTION MOTOR:
All loads moved by electric motors are really moved by magnetism. The purpose of every component in a motor is to help harness, control, and use magnetic force. When applying an AC drive system it helps to remember you are actually applying magnets to move a load. To move a load fast does not require more magnets, you just move the magnets fast. To move a heavier load or to decrease acceleration time (accelerate faster) more magnets (more torque) are needed. This is the basis for all motor applications.
STATOR CONSTRUCTION:
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets. The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor. The stator core of a NEMA motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
STATOR WINDINGS;
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder. Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an electromagnet. Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION:
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit. The most common type of rotor is the "squirrel cage" rotor. Other types of rotor construction will be mentioned later in the course. The construction of the squirrel cage rotor is reminiscent of rotating exercise wheels found in cages of pet rodents.
The rotor consists of a stack of steel laminations with evenly spaced conductor bars around the circumference.
The laminations are stacked together to form a rotor core. Aluminum is die cast in the slots of the rotor core to form a series of conductors around the perimeter of the rotor. Current flow through the conductors form the electromagnet. The conductor bars are mechanically and electrically connected with end rings. The rotor core mounts on a steel shaft to form a rotor assembly.
ENCLOSURE:
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it from the stator. There is no direct physical connection between the rotor and the stator. The enclosure also protects the electrical and operating parts of the motor from harmful effects of the environment in which the motor operates. Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor and allow it to turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft, is used on the motor shown below for cooling.
ELECTROMAGNETISM:
When current flows through a conductor a magnetic field is produced around the conductor. The magnetic field is made up of lines of flux, just like a natural magnet. The size and strength of the magnetic field will increase and decrease as the current flow strength increases and decreases.
LEFT HAND RULE FOR CONDUCTORS:
A definite relationship exists between the direction of current flow and the direction of the magnetic field. The left-hand rule for conductors demonstrates this relationship. If a currentcarrying conductor is grasped with the left hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of electron flow, the fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic lines of flux.
ELECTROMAGNET:
An electromagnet can be made by winding the conductor into a coil and applying a DC voltage. The lines of flux, formed by current flow through the conductor, combine to produce a larger and stronger magnetic field. The center of the coil is known as the core. In this simple electromagnet the core is air.
Iron is a better conductor of flux than air. The air core of an electromagnet can be replaced by a piece of soft iron. When a piece of iron is placed in the center of the coil more lines of flux can flow and the magnetic field is strengthened.
NO OF TURNS:
The strength of the magnetic field in the DC electromagnet can be increased by increasing the number of turns in the coil. The greater the number of turns the stronger the magnetic field will be.
CHANGING POLARITY:
The magnetic field of an electromagnet has the same characteristics as a natural magnet, including a north and south pole. However, when the direction of current flow through the electromagnet changes, the polarity of the electromagnet changes. The polarity of an electromagnet connected to an AC source will change at the same frequency as the frequency of the AC source. This can be demonstrated in the following illustration. At Time 1 current flow is at zero. There is no magnetic field produced around the electromagnet. At Time 2 current is flowing in a positive direction. A magnetic field builds up around the electromagnet. The electromagnet assumes a polarity with the south pole on the top and the north pole on the bottom. At Time 3 current flow is at its peak positive value. The strength of the electromagnetic field is at its greatest value. At Time 4 current flow decreases and the magnetic field begins to collapse, until Time 5 when current flow and magnetic field are at zero. Current immediately begins to increase in the opposite direction. At Time 6 current is increasing in a negative direction. The polarity of the electromagnetic field has changed. The north pole is now on top and the south pole is on the bottom. The negative half of the cycle continues through Times 7 and 8, returning to zero at Time 9. This process will repeat 60 times a second with a 60 Hz AC power supply.
INDUCED VOLTAGE:
A conductor moving through a magnetic field will have a voltage induced into it. This electrical principle is used in the operation of AC induction motors. In the following illustration an electromagnet is connected to an AC power source. Another electromagnet is placed above it. The second electromagnet is in a separate circuit. There is no physical connection between the two circuits. Voltage and current are zero in both circuits at Time 1. At Time 2 voltage and current are increasing in the bottom circuit. A magnetic field builds up in the bottom electromagnet. Lines of flux from the magnetic field building up in the bottom electromagnet cut across the top electromagnet. A voltage is induced in the top electromagnet and current flows through it. At Time 3 current flow has reached its peak. Maximum current is flowing in both circuits. The magnetic field around the coil continues to build up and collapse as the alternating current continues to increase and decrease. As the magnetic field moves through space, moving out from the coil as it builds up and back towards the coil as it collapses, lines of flux cut across the top coil. As current flows in the top electromagnet it creates its own magnetic field.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ATTRACTION:
The polarity of the magnetic field induced in the top electromagnet is opposite the polarity of the magnetic field in the bottom electromagnet. Since opposite poles attract, the top electromagnet will follow the bottom electromagnet when it is moved.
DEVELOPING A ROTATING MAGENETIC FIELD:
The principles of electromagnetism explain the shaft rotation of an AC motor. Recall that the stator of an AC motor is a hollow cylinder in which coils of insulated wire are inserted.
STATOR COIL ARRANGEMENT:
The following schematic illustrates the relationship of the coils. In this example six coils are used, two coils for each of the three phases. The coils operate in pairs. The coils are wrapped around the soft iron core material of the stator. These coils are referred to as motor windings. Each motor winding becomes a separate electromagnet. The coils are wound in such a way that when current flows in them one coil is a north pole and its pair is a south pole. For example, if A1 were a north pole then A2 would be a south pole. When current reverses direction the polarity of the poles would also reverse.
POWER SUPPLY:
The stator is connected to a 3-phase AC power supply. In the following illustration phase A is connected to phase A of the power supply. Phase B and C would also be connected to phases B and C of the power supply respectively.
Phase windings (A, B, and C) are placed 120ฐ apart. In this example, a second set of three-phase windings is installed. The number of poles is determined by how many times a phase winding appears. In this example, each phase winding appears two times. This is a two-pole stator. If each phase winding appeared four times it would be a four-pole stator.
When AC voltage is applied to the stator, current flows through the windings. The magnetic field developed in a phase winding depends on the direction of current flow through that winding. The following chart is used here for explanation only. It will be used in the next few illustrations to demonstrate how a rotating magnetic field is developed. It assumes that a positive current flow in the A1, B1 and C1 windings result in a north pole.
Winding Current Flow Direction
Positive Negative
A1 North South
A2 South North
B1 North South
B2 South North
C1 North South
C2 South North
START:
It is easier to visualize a magnetic field if a start time is picked when no current is flowing through one phase. In the following illustration, for example, a start time has been selected during which phase A has no current flow, phase
INDUCTION MOTOR
1. Introduction: The Induction motor is a three phase AC motor and is the most widely used machine. Its characteristic features are-
o Simple and rugged construction
o Low cost and minimum maintenance
o High reliability and sufficiently high efficiency
o Needs no extra starting motor and need not be synchronized
An Induction motor has basically two parts – Stator and Rotor
The Stator is made up of a number of stampings with slots to carry three phase windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart. Two types of rotors are used in Induction motors - Squirrel-cage rotor and Wound rotor.
INDUCTION MOTOR:
All loads moved by electric motors are really moved by magnetism. The purpose of every component in a motor is to help harness, control, and use magnetic force. When applying an AC drive system it helps to remember you are actually applying magnets to move a load. To move a load fast does not require more magnets, you just move the magnets fast. To move a heavier load or to decrease acceleration time (accelerate faster) more magnets (more torque) are needed. This is the basis for all motor applications.
STATOR CONSTRUCTION:
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets. The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor. The stator core of a NEMA motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
STATOR WINDINGS;
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder. Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an electromagnet. Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION:
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit. The most common type of rotor is the "squirrel cage" rotor. Other types of rotor construction will be mentioned later in the course. The construction of the squirrel cage rotor is reminiscent of rotating exercise wheels found in cages of pet rodents.
The rotor consists of a stack of steel laminations with evenly spaced conductor bars around the circumference.
The laminations are stacked together to form a rotor core. Aluminum is die cast in the slots of the rotor core to form a series of conductors around the perimeter of the rotor. Current flow through the conductors form the electromagnet. The conductor bars are mechanically and electrically connected with end rings. The rotor core mounts on a steel shaft to form a rotor assembly.
ENCLOSURE:
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it from the stator. There is no direct physical connection between the rotor and the stator. The enclosure also protects the electrical and operating parts of the motor from harmful effects of the environment in which the motor operates. Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor and allow it to turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft, is used on the motor shown below for cooling.
ELECTROMAGNETISM:
When current flows through a conductor a magnetic field is produced around the conductor. The magnetic field is made up of lines of flux, just like a natural magnet. The size and strength of the magnetic field will increase and decrease as the current flow strength increases and decreases.
LEFT HAND RULE FOR CONDUCTORS:
A definite relationship exists between the direction of current flow and the direction of the magnetic field. The left-hand rule for conductors demonstrates this relationship. If a currentcarrying conductor is grasped with the left hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of electron flow, the fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic lines of flux.
ELECTROMAGNET:
An electromagnet can be made by winding the conductor into a coil and applying a DC voltage. The lines of flux, formed by current flow through the conductor, combine to produce a larger and stronger magnetic field. The center of the coil is known as the core. In this simple electromagnet the core is air.
Iron is a better conductor of flux than air. The air core of an electromagnet can be replaced by a piece of soft iron. When a piece of iron is placed in the center of the coil more lines of flux can flow and the magnetic field is strengthened.
NO OF TURNS:
The strength of the magnetic field in the DC electromagnet can be increased by increasing the number of turns in the coil. The greater the number of turns the stronger the magnetic field will be.
CHANGING POLARITY:
The magnetic field of an electromagnet has the same characteristics as a natural magnet, including a north and south pole. However, when the direction of current flow through the electromagnet changes, the polarity of the electromagnet changes. The polarity of an electromagnet connected to an AC source will change at the same frequency as the frequency of the AC source. This can be demonstrated in the following illustration. At Time 1 current flow is at zero. There is no magnetic field produced around the electromagnet. At Time 2 current is flowing in a positive direction. A magnetic field builds up around the electromagnet. The electromagnet assumes a polarity with the south pole on the top and the north pole on the bottom. At Time 3 current flow is at its peak positive value. The strength of the electromagnetic field is at its greatest value. At Time 4 current flow decreases and the magnetic field begins to collapse, until Time 5 when current flow and magnetic field are at zero. Current immediately begins to increase in the opposite direction. At Time 6 current is increasing in a negative direction. The polarity of the electromagnetic field has changed. The north pole is now on top and the south pole is on the bottom. The negative half of the cycle continues through Times 7 and 8, returning to zero at Time 9. This process will repeat 60 times a second with a 60 Hz AC power supply.
INDUCED VOLTAGE:
A conductor moving through a magnetic field will have a voltage induced into it. This electrical principle is used in the operation of AC induction motors. In the following illustration an electromagnet is connected to an AC power source. Another electromagnet is placed above it. The second electromagnet is in a separate circuit. There is no physical connection between the two circuits. Voltage and current are zero in both circuits at Time 1. At Time 2 voltage and current are increasing in the bottom circuit. A magnetic field builds up in the bottom electromagnet. Lines of flux from the magnetic field building up in the bottom electromagnet cut across the top electromagnet. A voltage is induced in the top electromagnet and current flows through it. At Time 3 current flow has reached its peak. Maximum current is flowing in both circuits. The magnetic field around the coil continues to build up and collapse as the alternating current continues to increase and decrease. As the magnetic field moves through space, moving out from the coil as it builds up and back towards the coil as it collapses, lines of flux cut across the top coil. As current flows in the top electromagnet it creates its own magnetic field.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ATTRACTION:
The polarity of the magnetic field induced in the top electromagnet is opposite the polarity of the magnetic field in the bottom electromagnet. Since opposite poles attract, the top electromagnet will follow the bottom electromagnet when it is moved.
DEVELOPING A ROTATING MAGENETIC FIELD:
The principles of electromagnetism explain the shaft rotation of an AC motor. Recall that the stator of an AC motor is a hollow cylinder in which coils of insulated wire are inserted.
STATOR COIL ARRANGEMENT:
The following schematic illustrates the relationship of the coils. In this example six coils are used, two coils for each of the three phases. The coils operate in pairs. The coils are wrapped around the soft iron core material of the stator. These coils are referred to as motor windings. Each motor winding becomes a separate electromagnet. The coils are wound in such a way that when current flows in them one coil is a north pole and its pair is a south pole. For example, if A1 were a north pole then A2 would be a south pole. When current reverses direction the polarity of the poles would also reverse.
POWER SUPPLY:
The stator is connected to a 3-phase AC power supply. In the following illustration phase A is connected to phase A of the power supply. Phase B and C would also be connected to phases B and C of the power supply respectively.
Phase windings (A, B, and C) are placed 120ฐ apart. In this example, a second set of three-phase windings is installed. The number of poles is determined by how many times a phase winding appears. In this example, each phase winding appears two times. This is a two-pole stator. If each phase winding appeared four times it would be a four-pole stator.
When AC voltage is applied to the stator, current flows through the windings. The magnetic field developed in a phase winding depends on the direction of current flow through that winding. The following chart is used here for explanation only. It will be used in the next few illustrations to demonstrate how a rotating magnetic field is developed. It assumes that a positive current flow in the A1, B1 and C1 windings result in a north pole.
Winding Current Flow Direction
Positive Negative
A1 North South
A2 South North
B1 North South
B2 South North
C1 North South
C2 South North
START:
It is easier to visualize a magnetic field if a start time is picked when no current is flowing through one phase. In the following illustration, for example, a start time has been selected during which phase A has no current flow, phase
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มอเตอร์
1 บทนำ : มอเตอร์เหนี่ยวนำสามเฟส AC เป็น มอเตอร์ และใช้กันอย่างกว้างขวางมากที่สุดในเครื่อง ลักษณะคุณสมบัติ -
o ง่ายและการก่อสร้างที่ทนทานและดูแลรักษาต้นทุนต่ำสุด
o
o สูงและความน่าเชื่อถือสูงพอสมควร ประสิทธิภาพ
o ไม่ต้องเสริมเริ่มยนต์และไม่ต้องตรงกัน
เป็นมอเตอร์โดยทั่วไปมี 2 ส่วน และสเตเตอร์และโรเตอร์
The Stator is made up of a number of stampings with slots to carry three phase windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart. Two types of rotors are used in Induction motors - Squirrel-cage rotor and Wound rotor.
INDUCTION MOTOR:
All loads moved by electric motors are really moved by magnetism.วัตถุประสงค์ของทุกชิ้นส่วนในเครื่องยนต์จะช่วยควบคุม , การควบคุมและใช้พลังแม่เหล็ก เมื่อใช้ AC ไดรฟ์ระบบมันช่วยจำคุณจริงจะใช้แม่เหล็กเพื่อย้ายโหลด ไปโหลดเร็วไม่ต้องใช้แม่เหล็กมากขึ้น คุณเพียงแค่ย้ายแม่เหล็กไว ไปโหลดหนัก หรือลดเวลาเร่ง ( เร่งเร็วขึ้น ) แม่เหล็ก ( แรงบิดมากกว่า ) จะต้อง This is the basis for all motor applications.
STATOR CONSTRUCTION:
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets. The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor. The stator core of a NEMA motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
STATOR WINDINGS;
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder. Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an electromagnet. Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION:
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit.ชนิดที่พบมากที่สุดของ " ใบพัดเป็นใบพัดกรงกระรอก " . ประเภทอื่น ๆของการก่อสร้างใบพัดจะกล่าวถึงในภายหลังในหลักสูตร การก่อสร้างของกรงกระรอกโรเตอร์หมุนล้อเป็นรำลึกของการออกกำลังกายที่พบในกรงของหนูสัตว์เลี้ยง
โรเตอร์ ประกอบด้วย กอง laminations เหล็กเว้นระยะเท่ากัน คอนดักเตอร์บาร์รอบรอบ
The laminations are stacked together to form a rotor core. Aluminum is die cast in the slots of the rotor core to form a series of conductors around the perimeter of the rotor. Current flow through the conductors form the electromagnet. The conductor bars are mechanically and electrically connected with end rings. The rotor core mounts on a steel shaft to form a rotor assembly.
ENCLOSURE:
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it from the stator. There is no direct physical connection between the rotor and the stator.กรงยังช่วยปกป้องชิ้นส่วนไฟฟ้าและการทำงานของมอเตอร์จากผลกระทบที่เป็นอันตรายของสิ่งแวดล้อมซึ่งมอเตอร์ทำงาน . แบริ่ง , ติดตั้งบนเพลา สนับสนุนใบพัด และอนุญาตให้เปิด พัดลม ยังติดตั้งบนเพลา ใช้มอเตอร์ข้างล่างเย็น
:
แม่เหล็กไฟฟ้าเมื่อกระแสไหลผ่านตัวนำสนามแม่เหล็กผลิตรอบคอนดักเตอร์ สนามแม่เหล็กที่สร้างขึ้นจากเส้นของฟลักซ์ เหมือนแม่เหล็กธรรมชาติ ขนาดและความแข็งแกร่งของสนามแม่เหล็กจะเพิ่มขึ้นและลดลงตามกระแสไหลแรงเพิ่มขึ้น และลดลง เหลือข้อมือไฟฟ้า
:A definite relationship exists between the direction of current flow and the direction of the magnetic field. The left-hand rule for conductors demonstrates this relationship. If a currentcarrying conductor is grasped with the left hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of electron flow, the fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic lines of flux.
ELECTROMAGNET:
เครื่องไฟฟ้าสามารถทำได้โดยม้วนขดลวดตัวนำเข้าและใช้เป็นแรงดันไฟฟ้ากระแสตรง . เส้นฟลักซ์ของเกิดจากกระแสไหลผ่านตัวนํา รวมการผลิตขนาดใหญ่และแข็งแกร่งในสนามแม่เหล็ก ศูนย์กลางของม้วน เป็นที่รู้จักกันเป็นหลัก ในแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้าอย่างง่ายนี้แกนอากาศ
เหล็กเป็นคอนดักเตอร์ของฟลักซ์ได้ดีกว่าอากาศ The air core of an electromagnet can be replaced by a piece of soft iron. When a piece of iron is placed in the center of the coil more lines of flux can flow and the magnetic field is strengthened.
NO OF TURNS:
The strength of the magnetic field in the DC electromagnet can be increased by increasing the number of turns in the coil. The greater the number of turns the stronger the magnetic field will be.
CHANGING POLARITY:
The magnetic field of an electromagnet has the same characteristics as a natural magnet, including a north and south pole. However, when the direction of current flow through the electromagnet changes, the polarity of the electromagnet changes.ขั้วของแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้าที่เชื่อมต่อกับแหล่ง AC จะเปลี่ยนความถี่เดียวกับความถี่ของแหล่ง AC นี้สามารถแสดงให้เห็นในภาพต่อไปนี้ การไหลของกระแสเวลาที่ 1 อยู่ที่ศูนย์ ไม่มีสนามแม่เหล็กการผลิตรอบแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า . ในเวลา 2 กระแสไหลในทิศทางที่เป็นบวก สนามแม่เหล็กที่สร้างขึ้นรอบ ๆแท่นแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า .
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