Appendix A.These equations describe the first multilevel model for the PPVT.The remaining models for the PPVT differed only in that they used different codes in the equation for ˇ0j(i.e., associated with 03, 04,and 05). The multilevel models for EOWPVT were identical to the models for PPVT, except that they used posttest EOWPVT as the outcome variable and baseline EOWPVT as a covariate in place of baseline PPVT.This is the student level part of the model (i indexes student,and j indexes teacher):