Just as there have been wars, and changes in war making throughout history, there have also been peace and efforts toward peacemaking. If one judged such matters by the number of years spent at war versus those at peace, or even by the total number of wartime deaths versus peacetime deaths, one would be tempted to conclude that the peacemakers are far ahead. However, if we consider that virtually any war is an odious tarnishing of the human record, we must agree that the work of peacemaking is not become more serious, making the work of the peacemaker all the more urgent. There have been, nonetheless, numerous effort at peace, raising many possibilities and opportunities, some long-standing and others quite recent. There have also been hint of success; although paradoxically, whereas the toll of war can be tallied, it is impossible to assess how many wars or hoe much destruction during wars have been prevented by the efforts of various peace movements.