The In this paper GSCM is defined as green purchasing þ green manufacturing/materials management þ green distribution/marketing þ reverse logistics. Figure 2 shows this GSCM equation graphically, where reverse logistics ‘closes the loop’ of a typical forward supply chain and includes reuse, remanufacturing, and/or recycling of materials into new materials or other products with value in the marketplace. This idea is designed to eliminate or minimise waste which involves energy, emissions, chemical/hazardous, solid wastes (Hervani et al. 2005).