.2. Effective tax rates
We begin by examining the GAAP and Cash effective tax rates. The GAAP effective tax rate is the ratio of total tax
expense to pre-tax book income (TXT/PI). It is composed of a current and deferred component. Although the current tax
expense is an estimate of the current taxes owed to the tax authorities, it does not include the tax benefit from stock
options until the post-FAS123R period.