Much of the East Asian success started from export-oriented strategies, benefiting from growth in the international economy since the 1950s.
Wave of FDI in Asia (“Flying Geese Pattern”)
Japan4 Tigers3 NIEsChina (?)
As each wave of development ensued it displaced exports of prior wave, compelling restructuring.
Internal causes: exchange rate appreciation, wage increases, …
Restructuring: labor intensivecapital intensiveknowledge