being an ODM of mobile phones differed from being an ODM of PDAs in certain. Subcontractors of smartphones not only designed and built the phones based on customer specifications but also tested them in alive operating environment. For instance, the data transmission function of a phone (such as email, instant news, word processing etc.) had to be customized before delivery. There were incentive misalignment between handset makes and network operators on grounds of technology gaps and order sizes.