Burma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the 2014 Indian film, see Burma (film).
You may need rendering support to display the Burmese script in this article correctly.
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw
Flag State seal
Anthem:
Kaba Ma Kyei
Till the End of the World
MENU0:00
Capital Naypyidaw
19°45′N 96°6′E
Largest city Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
Recognised regional languages
Jingpho Kayah Karen
Chin Mon Rakhine Shan
Official scripts Burmese script
Ethnic groups ([1])
68% Burman
9% Shan
7% Karen
4% Rakhine
3% Chinese
2% Indian
2% Mon
5% other
Demonym Burmese / Myanma
Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic
- President Thein Sein
- Vice Presidents
Sai Mauk Kham
Nyan Tun
Legislature Assembly of the Union
- Upper house House of Nationalities
- Lower house House of Representatives
Formation
- Pagan Dynasty 23 December 849
- Toungoo Dynasty 16 October 1510
- Konbaung Dynasty 29 February 1752
- Independence
(from United Kingdom) 4 January 1948
- Coup d'état 2 March 1962
- New constitution 30 March 2011
Area
- Total 676,578 km2 (40th)
261,227 sq mi
- Water (%) 3.06
Population
- 2012 estimate 61,120,000[2][3] (24th)
- 1983 census 35,442,972[4]
- Density 73.9/km2 (119th)
191.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate
- Total $111.120 billion[5]
- Per capita $1,711[5]
GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate
- Total $59.427 billion[5]
- Per capita $915[5]
HDI (2013) 0.524[6]
low · 150th
Currency Kyat (K) (MMK)
Time zone MST (UTC+06:30)
Drives on the rightb
Calling code +95
ISO 3166 code MM
Internet TLD .mm
a. Some governments recognise Yangon (Rangoon) as the
national capital.[1]
b. Road infrastructure is still for driving on the left.
Burma (i/ˈbɜrmə/ bur-mə), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar (i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ myahn-mar,[7] /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/),[8][9][10][11] is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Laos, Thailand, China, Bangladesh, and India. One third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Burma's population of over 60 million makes it the world's 24th most populous country[2] and, at 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi), it is the world's 40th largest country and the second largest in Southeast Asia.
Early civilizations in Burma included the Tibeto-Burman speaking Pyu in Upper Burma and the Mon in Lower Burma.[12] In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[13] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Burma after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony (a part of India until 1937 and then a separately administered colony). Burma became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup in 1962, a military dictatorship which formally ended in 2011.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and a myriad of Burma's ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running unresolved civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organizations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[14][15][16] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Although the military retains enormous influence through the constitution that was ratified in 2008, it has taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Burma's most prominent human rights activist, Aung San Suu Kyi, and many other political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions that had been imposed by the European Union and the United States.[17][18] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the largely Muslim ethnic Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes that have occurred throughout the nation, described by various human rights organizations as a policy of ethnic cleansing.[19][20][21][22]
Burma is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2011, its GDP stood at US$53.14 billion and was estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 5.5%.[23] Despite good economic growth, it is believed that Burma's economic potential won't be easily achieved due to the nation's lack of development. As of 2013, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), Burma has one of the lowest levels of human development in the world.[24]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial Burma
2.3 British Burma
2.4 Independence
2.5 Military rule
2.6 Democratic reforms
2.7 Civil wars
3 Government and politics
3.1 Foreign relations
3.1.1 Visits by Western leaders
3.1.2 Military relations
3.2 Human rights
3.2.1 Child soldiers
3.2.2 Child/forced/slave labour, systematic sexual violence and human trafficking
3.2.3 Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people
3.2.3.1 2012 Rakhine State riots
3.2.4 Freedom of speech
3.2.5 Praise for the 2011 government reforms
3.2.6 2013 onwards
4 Economy
4.1 Background
4.2 Agriculture
4.3 Natural resources
4.4 Tourism
4.5 Economic sanctions
4.6 Government stakeholders in business
4.7 Economic liberalization post 2011
5 Demographics
5.1 Largest cities
5.2 Ethnic groups
5.3 Language
5.4 Religion
6 Culture
6.1 Art
6.2 Media
6.3 Film
6.4 Sport
6.4.1 2013 Southeast Asian Games
7 Geography
7.1 Administrative divisions (regions and states)
7.2 Borders
7.3 Climate
7.4 Wildlife
8 Health
9 Education
10 Internet
11 Units of measurement
12 See also
13 References
14 Bibliography
15 Further reading
16 External links
Etymology[edit]
Main article: Names of Burma
In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: "Burma" became "Myanmar". The renaming remains a contested issue.[25] Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use "Burma" because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country.[26]
The country's official full name is the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/[7] (ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw, pronounced: [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]). Some countries, however, have not recognized this name and use the short form "Union of Burma" instead.[23][27]
In English, the country is popularly known by either of its short names "Burma" or "Myanmar". Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, including the United Kingdom and Canada.[28] Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country as Myanmar.[29][30][31] The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany,[32] China, India, Norway,[33] and Japan.[28]
Most English-speaking international news media officially refer to the country by the name Myanmar, including the BBC,[34] CNN,[35] Al Jazeera,[36] Reuters,[37] and Russia Today.
There are also other variations. Burma is known as "Birmania" in Spanish, Italian and Romanian, as "Birmânia" in Portuguese, and as "Birmanie" in French.[38] The Government of Brazil uses "Mianmar".[39]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Burma
Prehistory[edit]
Main articles: Prehistory of Burma, Pyu city-states and Mon city-states
Neolithic paintings found inside Padah-Lin Caves, radiocarbon dated up to 13,000 years ago
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Burma as early as 400,000 years ago.[40] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Burma. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.[41] The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.[42] The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay.[43] Evidence also shows the presence
Burma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the 2014 Indian film, see Burma (film).
You may need rendering support to display the Burmese script in this article correctly.
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw
Flag State seal
Anthem:
Kaba Ma Kyei
Till the End of the World
MENU0:00
Capital Naypyidaw
19°45′N 96°6′E
Largest city Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
Recognised regional languages
Jingpho Kayah Karen
Chin Mon Rakhine Shan
Official scripts Burmese script
Ethnic groups ([1])
68% Burman
9% Shan
7% Karen
4% Rakhine
3% Chinese
2% Indian
2% Mon
5% other
Demonym Burmese / Myanma
Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic
- President Thein Sein
- Vice Presidents
Sai Mauk Kham
Nyan Tun
Legislature Assembly of the Union
- Upper house House of Nationalities
- Lower house House of Representatives
Formation
- Pagan Dynasty 23 December 849
- Toungoo Dynasty 16 October 1510
- Konbaung Dynasty 29 February 1752
- Independence
(from United Kingdom) 4 January 1948
- Coup d'état 2 March 1962
- New constitution 30 March 2011
Area
- Total 676,578 km2 (40th)
261,227 sq mi
- Water (%) 3.06
Population
- 2012 estimate 61,120,000[2][3] (24th)
- 1983 census 35,442,972[4]
- Density 73.9/km2 (119th)
191.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate
- Total $111.120 billion[5]
- Per capita $1,711[5]
GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate
- Total $59.427 billion[5]
- Per capita $915[5]
HDI (2013) 0.524[6]
low · 150th
Currency Kyat (K) (MMK)
Time zone MST (UTC+06:30)
Drives on the rightb
Calling code +95
ISO 3166 code MM
Internet TLD .mm
a. Some governments recognise Yangon (Rangoon) as the
national capital.[1]
b. Road infrastructure is still for driving on the left.
Burma (i/ˈbɜrmə/ bur-mə), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar (i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ myahn-mar,[7] /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/),[8][9][10][11] is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Laos, Thailand, China, Bangladesh, and India. One third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Burma's population of over 60 million makes it the world's 24th most populous country[2] and, at 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi), it is the world's 40th largest country and the second largest in Southeast Asia.
Early civilizations in Burma included the Tibeto-Burman speaking Pyu in Upper Burma and the Mon in Lower Burma.[12] In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[13] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Burma after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony (a part of India until 1937 and then a separately administered colony). Burma became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup in 1962, a military dictatorship which formally ended in 2011.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and a myriad of Burma's ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running unresolved civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organizations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[14][15][16] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Although the military retains enormous influence through the constitution that was ratified in 2008, it has taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Burma's most prominent human rights activist, Aung San Suu Kyi, and many other political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions that had been imposed by the European Union and the United States.[17][18] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the largely Muslim ethnic Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes that have occurred throughout the nation, described by various human rights organizations as a policy of ethnic cleansing.[19][20][21][22]
Burma is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2011, its GDP stood at US$53.14 billion and was estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 5.5%.[23] Despite good economic growth, it is believed that Burma's economic potential won't be easily achieved due to the nation's lack of development. As of 2013, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), Burma has one of the lowest levels of human development in the world.[24]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial Burma
2.3 British Burma
2.4 Independence
2.5 Military rule
2.6 Democratic reforms
2.7 Civil wars
3 Government and politics
3.1 Foreign relations
3.1.1 Visits by Western leaders
3.1.2 Military relations
3.2 Human rights
3.2.1 Child soldiers
3.2.2 Child/forced/slave labour, systematic sexual violence and human trafficking
3.2.3 Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people
3.2.3.1 2012 Rakhine State riots
3.2.4 Freedom of speech
3.2.5 Praise for the 2011 government reforms
3.2.6 2013 onwards
4 Economy
4.1 Background
4.2 Agriculture
4.3 Natural resources
4.4 Tourism
4.5 Economic sanctions
4.6 Government stakeholders in business
4.7 Economic liberalization post 2011
5 Demographics
5.1 Largest cities
5.2 Ethnic groups
5.3 Language
5.4 Religion
6 Culture
6.1 Art
6.2 Media
6.3 Film
6.4 Sport
6.4.1 2013 Southeast Asian Games
7 Geography
7.1 Administrative divisions (regions and states)
7.2 Borders
7.3 Climate
7.4 Wildlife
8 Health
9 Education
10 Internet
11 Units of measurement
12 See also
13 References
14 Bibliography
15 Further reading
16 External links
Etymology[edit]
Main article: Names of Burma
In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: "Burma" became "Myanmar". The renaming remains a contested issue.[25] Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use "Burma" because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country.[26]
The country's official full name is the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/[7] (ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw, pronounced: [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]). Some countries, however, have not recognized this name and use the short form "Union of Burma" instead.[23][27]
In English, the country is popularly known by either of its short names "Burma" or "Myanmar". Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, including the United Kingdom and Canada.[28] Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country as Myanmar.[29][30][31] The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany,[32] China, India, Norway,[33] and Japan.[28]
Most English-speaking international news media officially refer to the country by the name Myanmar, including the BBC,[34] CNN,[35] Al Jazeera,[36] Reuters,[37] and Russia Today.
There are also other variations. Burma is known as "Birmania" in Spanish, Italian and Romanian, as "Birmânia" in Portuguese, and as "Birmanie" in French.[38] The Government of Brazil uses "Mianmar".[39]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Burma
Prehistory[edit]
Main articles: Prehistory of Burma, Pyu city-states and Mon city-states
Neolithic paintings found inside Padah-Lin Caves, radiocarbon dated up to 13,000 years ago
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Burma as early as 400,000 years ago.[40] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Burma. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.[41] The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.[42] The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay.[43] Evidence also shows the presence
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