While discussion thus far has been framed in terms of Cyborganic's commercial productivity, and has highlighted the project's entrepreneurial and techno-meritocratic dimensions, it turns now to the hacker and virtual communitarian cultures that are also present in Cyborganic. In the last decade, hacker and open source culture have been the subject of much industry and academic research and writing. Native spokesmen such as self-titled "hacker anthropologist" Eric Raymond, have championed open source as a revolutionary social technology for software development in a knowledge economy (1999). Legal scholars, such as Lawrence Lessig, have argued for the extension of free and open source software practices and philosophies to other arenas of intellectual property and the "laws of cyberspace" (1999, 2001). Scholars, such as Castells and Pekka Himanen (2001), have emphasized the role of "the hacker ethic" in the development of the Internet. This analysis of Cyborganic adds to the literature a special case of the four cultural layers that come together in Internet culture, one that traces the virtual communitarian culture through the emergence of telecommunities from Vannevar Bush's Memex in 1945 to the launch of Cyborganic Gardens in 1995. Appendix II diagrams the confluence of counter culture, technology, U.S. and global political-economic trends in the development of "a world of telecommunities" (IFTF 1996). It shows how telecommunities such as Cyborganic built on a long history of "shared accountability, high trust, intimate social activity, many to many communication, and grassroots relationship building" to create new and productive organizational forms..
While discussion thus far has been framed in terms of Cyborganic's commercial productivity, and has highlighted the project's entrepreneurial and techno-meritocratic dimensions, it turns now to the hacker and virtual communitarian cultures that are also present in Cyborganic. In the last decade, hacker and open source culture have been the subject of much industry and academic research and writing. Native spokesmen such as self-titled "hacker anthropologist" Eric Raymond, have championed open source as a revolutionary social technology for software development in a knowledge economy (1999). Legal scholars, such as Lawrence Lessig, have argued for the extension of free and open source software practices and philosophies to other arenas of intellectual property and the "laws of cyberspace" (1999, 2001). Scholars, such as Castells and Pekka Himanen (2001), have emphasized the role of "the hacker ethic" in the development of the Internet. This analysis of Cyborganic adds to the literature a special case of the four cultural layers that come together in Internet culture, one that traces the virtual communitarian culture through the emergence of telecommunities from Vannevar Bush's Memex in 1945 to the launch of Cyborganic Gardens in 1995. Appendix II diagrams the confluence of counter culture, technology, U.S. and global political-economic trends in the development of "a world of telecommunities" (IFTF 1996). It shows how telecommunities such as Cyborganic built on a long history of "shared accountability, high trust, intimate social activity, many to many communication, and grassroots relationship building" to create new and productive organizational forms..
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