Another task-based approach is problem-based learning. This approach is employed to promote self-directed learning, self-motivation,
problem-solving skills, and knowledge-application skills (Liu et al., 2009). Although the learning goals of problem-based learning and gamebased
learning are usually different, one approach may embed another in the design of tasks and activities. For instance, many AR games
included problem-solving features in the design (e.g., Squire & Klopfer, 2007). In Liu et al. (2009), students played games prior to the
problem-solving tasks; both game-based and problem-based activities were included within the learning module but in different learning
phases. Somehowin the design of AR learning activities, the boundary between real-life problem solving and game-like problem solving can
be blurry.