ILK has been linked to p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways in many cell systems (31,
38). We demonstrated that inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK, blocked the inhibitory effect
of fish oil on ILK. Consistent with this, another study showed that ILK played an important
role in interleukin-1α-induced adhesion and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through p38
MAPK signaling (31). Thus, our results suggest that ILK is downstream of p38 MAPK.