demonstrated a lack of literature relating national culture to organizational practices. One
of the challenges to the transfer or application of best practices across cultures has been
highlighted by Shahin and Wright (2004). They showed that most talent management
theories focused on an international leader originate from North America and therefore it
is difficult to apply these theories to cultures that are significantly different from the U.S.
and Canada. Shahin and Wright (2004) demonstrated that the organization is deeply
intertwined with local culture. The result is that both the organization and employee
interactions inevitably reflect behavior within the context of local norms..........
Pellegrini and Scandura (2006) stated that leaders and academics often gain
knowledge of leadership norms based on U.S. theory, but have difficulty applying the
same skills across different cultures. The inevitable result of applying these practices
across various cultures is organizational and project failure. Magala (2005) stated that the
differences between United States, European, Asian, and African drives the need for
further research and study regarding the impact of culture on leadership and
organizations............
Jacob (2005) demonstrated that in order for organizations or individuals to
successfully affect cultural convergence, a deep understanding of local cultures,
subcultures and processes are required. Magala (2005) reinforced the theory that the
ability to understand cultural differences should now be a required qualification for the
international leader. For organizations to be successful, they must develop leaders who
acknowledge and understand cultural differences (Jacob, 2005). U.S. and European
cultural bias in cross-cultural leadership and ineffective talent management have
consistently resulted in failed work products in both Asia and Africa (Magala, 2005).