Sanjaya Lall concluded that in South Korea,
industrial targeting and promotion was pragmatic
and flexible, and developed in concert with private
industry. Moreover, only a relatively small number
of activities were supported at a given time, and
the effects of protection were offset by strong export
orientation. . . . These features strongly differentiate
its interventions from those in typical
import substituting countries, where infant industry
protection was sweeping and open-ended,
non-selective, inflexible and designed without
consultation with industry