The origin of these beliefs toward problem solving may be rooted in class-room instruction. Schoenfeld[45] reported that the problems students are asked to solve in K-12 classrooms are rarely open-ended challenges, but exercises in familiar tasks, with an emphasis on completing these tasks quickly and efficiently. Similar observations have been made by Doyle[46] who analyzed the tasks addressed inside mathematics classrooms: teachers predominantly asked students to solve familiar work rather than novel challenges.