The current study used hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) as the
major statistical data analysis technique. A regression analysis that can
explain a phenomenon with multiple predictors, HMR is a technique that
sets causal priorities and removes spurious relationships among predictors.
In this technique, a regression model was constructed by entering the
predictors in a certain sequence that is predetermined by a theoretical
ground [41]. Generally, in a hierarchical equation, the predictors that are
previously known to affect the dependent variable are entered first. Then,
the variables for which the researcher wants to show effects are added into
the equation. The test results provide estimates of the unique contribution
of the last entered variables in explaining dependent variables, above and
beyond the contribution of the variables entered into the equation earlier
[42]. Hierarchical multiple regression also assesses the unique contribution
of each predictor in explaining the dependent variable by controlling for
the influences of all other predictors in the research model. A specific
regression model testing each research question is detailed in the next
section.