represents the flow diagram of WPSF. In the WPSF process, the dehusking and polishing of the paddy were omitted during ethanol production, which prevented the loss of rice starch and saved operational costs and energy. In fact, the process saved 0.12e0.14 US$ (in the experimental years) kg1 of dry paddy for dehusking [14] and 0.12e0.15 US$ kg1 of brown rice for polishing over the conventional process