In empirical research econometric concerns are often raised
with regard to two areas: sample selection bias and simultaneity.
Selection bias is not a concern here because we are analysing only
borrowers and controlled for the choice of the lender. However,
social ties are the basis for our social capital measures and may
be endogenous to good credit performance. Loans are supposed to
widen the personal network of borrowers (a vast amount of literature
exists, for example, on empowerment of women and formal
and semi-formal loans). This is particularly true for group loans
but may also apply to individual borrowers. Thus, the strength of
the relationship may grow or fade in intensity as a result of good
or bad credit performance. It might also be argued that bad loan
performance could have an effect on network ties. Bad loan performance
may cut loose one or the other tie, for instance due to
shame or social punishment. Our measures of social capital could
thus be endogenous to bad loan performance. Finally, a badly performing
loan may reduce the social status of the respondent. This
would leave our measurement variable for linking social capital
(that is, assessment of social status) endogenous to loan performance,
and hence the measures of linking social capital may be
endogenous. We have excluded all relationships from the personal
network of the borrowers which were created after the disbursement
of the oldest current or within the last year matured credit.
Furthermore, all ties which have been created within one year
In empirical research econometric concerns are often raisedwith regard to two areas: sample selection bias and simultaneity.Selection bias is not a concern here because we are analysing onlyborrowers and controlled for the choice of the lender. However,social ties are the basis for our social capital measures and maybe endogenous to good credit performance. Loans are supposed towiden the personal network of borrowers (a vast amount of literatureexists, for example, on empowerment of women and formaland semi-formal loans). This is particularly true for group loansbut may also apply to individual borrowers. Thus, the strength ofthe relationship may grow or fade in intensity as a result of goodor bad credit performance. It might also be argued that bad loanperformance could have an effect on network ties. Bad loan performancemay cut loose one or the other tie, for instance due toshame or social punishment. Our measures of social capital couldthus be endogenous to bad loan performance. Finally, a badly performingloan may reduce the social status of the respondent. Thiswould leave our measurement variable for linking social capital(that is, assessment of social status) endogenous to loan performance,and hence the measures of linking social capital may beendogenous. We have excluded all relationships from the personalnetwork of the borrowers which were created after the disbursementof the oldest current or within the last year matured credit.Furthermore, all ties which have been created within one year
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