ย่อหน้ารองสุดท้ายหน้า 5
An alternative cost approach examines the replacement costs. People are worth what they cost to replace on the open market. A problem with historical costing is that people may be worth more or less than you actually paid out. The value of an experienced employee may exceed the total costs incurred, as is recognized when a qualified replacement is sought in the open labor market. The replacement cost concept asks, “If all employee were gone tomorrow , what swould it cost to replace them at their present level of competence? “ This may be three to five times the annual total payroll of a company. But this is a vague estimate and actual replacement costs depend on specific capabilities desired for each position and the availability of talent . There is also the subtle factor of “ knowing the organization and how to get things done “ that cannot easily be given a replacement value.
ย่อหน้าสุดท้ายหน้า 5 ต่อหน้าหก ย่อแรก
Instead of tracking costs, human resource accounting may also follow the economic value approach . This calls for an estimation of the total expected contributions of a person to the value of the organization . In turn this compels an examination of the variables which determine the value of people and the interrelationships among these variables.
Such variables may be nonmonetary as well as monetary. Value may be defined as the present value of future services provided either by a given individual or by an organization as a whole. An individual’s value may be directly measured by considering both conditional and realizable economic value to be provided over a period of years, or it may be measured more simply by using a surrogate measure such as the present value of future compensation to be paid an individual. What would be the individual’s income-producing potential? This question is most easily applied to sales personnel who may have a projected sales volume over a period of years which may be discounted to present value. For most types of jobs such clear future economic returns are not easily identified or measured . The concept , however , has considerable appeal (Flamholtz,1974).
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The value of a group or an organization may be measured by examining the overall results generated (services,profits,etc.) . Some companies feel that the value of an individual cannot be measured in isolation. Rather it is the total organization that has value. One techniques is the measurement of “unrealized goodwill.” The total market value of the firm ( or goodwill on the balance sheet) represents the value of various intangible assets, including the potential future value of its people. After the economic value of patents, trademarks, customer relationships , and other items are removed, the remainder would indicate the total value of human resource. This aggregate value may be divided by the total number of employees to result in an individual value estimate. Another approach examines the behavioral complexities of an organization’s value, viewing the organization an a system comprising numerous measurable variables. Attitudinal surveys and other diagnostic measures can help determine the relative value of an organization and its overall effectiveness (Flamholtz , 1974 ; Likert and Bowers , 1969; Rhode an Lawler , 1973 ; Taylor and Bowers , 1972).
ย่อหน้าสุดท้ายหน้าหก
Human resource accounting represent an intriguing concept for measuring the impact of human resource planning in an organization. However , it has been applied in only a few organizations and remains elusive to both accounting and human resource professionals. It works out well in theory,but the practical problems of collecting data and establishing reasonably acceptable measures of costs and values have been insuperable. As management demands for useful information on human resource costs and benefits mount , advances may be made in making human resource accounting techniques operational (McFarland,1977 ; Paperman and Martin,1977 ; Rhode and Lawyer,1973).
หน้าหกเตรียมขึ้น 7
Broader Indicators
One of the frustrations of working in the human resource area is the lack of hard measures of accomplishment. Human resource planning is more a social science than a mathematical science, and its professional must have a high tolerance for the ambiguities inherent in the field.
ย่อหน้า แรกหน้า 7 (ไม่นับที่ต่อจากหก)
Rather than looking at hard measures or statistical comparisons over time ,perhaps a more fruitful approach considers the broader indicators of impact on an organization . The cost-effectiveness of human resource planning or of any human resource management activities is a subjectives measure by management. Accordingly , the criteria used must come from management , preferably represented in specific objectives and plans of the business , translated into human resource objective (Machaver , 1977).
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The accomplishments in managing human resource are determined in relation to management expectations. Roles, responsibilities, cost, results , and priorities all depend on what management wants accomplished. For this reason,human resource planning approaches vary widely in depth and sophistication among companies and even among divisions within companies . The stage or level of human resource planning practice depends on the needs perceived by management , given the style of management applied and the stage of development of the organization (Walker ,1974)
It is useful, then , to consider the following questions :
- What are out objectives? For what are we responsible?
- What are the expectations of management (and our other “clients “ in the corporation)?
- What are the specific indicators of our effective performance in human resource planning?
- What are the priorities by which we are operating?
- How do our accomplishments compare with these criteria?
- What should be our future objectives and criteria?
- How should we change what we are doing in human resource planning? What new tools or systems do we need? What should we stop doing or do differently?
Although subjective, these indicators are pragmatic. They directly address the central issue of determining the impact of human resource planning from a management perspective . Additional specific statistical measures of human resource accounting measures may be used as supplements to such broad judgments, but the evaluation of human resource planning is inescapably subjective and qualitative in nature.
ย่อหน้าสุดท้ายหน้า 7 ขึ้นหน้า 8
A human resource audit
A Midwestern manufacturing company had grown rapidly over three decades from a fledging entrepreneurship . As it grew to become a $1 billion plus revenues company , it expanded and diversified . Its managerial demands increased and specialized staffs evolved in finance , law ,research , personnel , and other areas . But the board of directors questioned whether the company was adequately equipped to continue its rapid growth. Did it have the caliber of management , the depth of technical expertise , the capacity to attract and train needed talent? These were raised as critical factors in effectively managing further capital investments.
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Accordingly , the president called for a review of management practices and function in various areas. Data-processing functions were examined and new directions established . A new financial planning and control process was installed with strong functional organization ties across the operating divisions. In the human resource function, the activities were realigned to form a new organizational structure , and several additional professional positions were created to strengthen activities in management development , professional recruitment , and planning .
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This is an example of a common circumstance in which an organization undertook a self-examination and charted a new course consistent with the business strategies . It is an excellent circumstance for a human resource audit – a systematic review and assessment of human resource management philosophies , policies , systems , and practices. The organization was keyed to considering innovations and was ready to act in different ways .
Audits may be conducted in various circumstances:
- Felt concern by top management
- An external force compelling a review (parent company , acquirer , committee of the board , government agency , etc.)
- A new officer responsible for human resource
- A significant change in the business impelling reconsidering of human resource management (for example , business downturn , rapid expansion , unionization threat , astounding employee turnover )
- A desire on the part of human resource professionals to advance the company’s practices and systems
An audit provides a comprehensive perspective on current practices , resource , and management policies regarding human resource management and identifies opportunities and strategies for redirecting these. Implicit is an assumption that opportunities are being missed by staying with current approaches and that the human resource management process is dynamic and must continually be redirected to be responsive to needs.
Audits need not be exhaustive , but may focus on particular functions such as training and development , benefits , compensation , or information systems . The purpose and the approach remain generally the same , however , regardless of scope.
หน้า สุดท้าย
The notion of an audit stems from the established practice of accounting audits mandated by SEC regulation and “ generally accepted accounting practice.” Companies routinely open their doors to auditors to verify the accuracy of their financial information and the