catalyze the reduction of 4-hydroxyalkenals and their GSH-conjugates to 1,4-ihydroxy-2- nonene (DHN) or GSH-DHN,which are less toxic and able to be efficiently cleared from the cell [21–26]. Reduction of GSH-HNE stabilizes the Michael adduct and improves its likelihood of clearance. Aldo–keto reductases have been shown to be upregulated in response to oxidative damage, emphasizing the importance of AKRs in detoxification during oxidative stress