Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 x 4 Latin square design.The main factors were two roughage-to-concentrate ratios (R:C, 60:40 and 40:60) and two supplementation levels of rain tree pod meal (RPM) [0 or unsupplemented and 60 g/kg of total dry matter (DM) intake].