In our clay and sediment scenarios -which can be compared with mud-NZMS tolerated a non-aquatic exposure up to four days.This period is long enough to allow a relevant lateral dispersal,especially if human vectors are involved (i.e. cars, anglers, etc.).By contrast, van Leeuwen and van der Velde (2012) found that 74%of NZMSs attached to the bills of Anas platyrhyncos by means of mud were detached after 30 min, and that after 8 h only 1.2% of snails remained attached. Nevertheless, given that NZMS can reach very high densities in invaded ecosystems (Alonso and Castro-Díez,2008), even this low percentage of successful transport by birds may contribute to the spread of this species. In the case of anglers,wading boots can be a very successful way for lateral dispersal as they are usually transported in bags kept into cars, were the chances for mud detachment are low.