The visual assessment of soil structure and other representa-tions of soil structure included in the M-SQR method (i.e. OVS andOSS) clearly revealed the influence of tillage system on soilstructure (Table 5). At both sites, MP resulted in a better soilstructure (i.e. the lowest VESS score, and the largest OVS and OSSscores) compared with reduced tillage systems (H and D), eventhough D at Foulum was not significantly different from MP interms of OVS and OSS. However, the soil structure under reducedtillage (H and D) was still favourable for agricultural use as a plantgrowth medium, and the visual structural quality was fair to good(i.e. VESS scores were <3.0, according to Ball et al. (2007)).Nevertheless, D showed a poorer soil structure than H (VESS score(sq) = 2.3 and 2.0 for D and H, respectively). This was consistentwith the previous studies conducted at the same experimentalsites (Abdollahi and Munkholm, 2014; Ball et al., 2007), althoughAbdollahi and Munkholm (2014) reported the same VESS scorefor D and H. Soane et al. (2012) in a literature review of problemsand opportunities for crop production in Europe have related thelow rate of adoption of conservation tillage practices (no-tillageand reduced tillage) in northern European countries to theproblems of poorer topsoil structure following these tillagesystems.
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