Many kinds of aquatic and terrestrial animals have a
pain system involving receptors, neural pathways and
analytical centres in the brain. There is also evidence
from many animal groups of physiological responses,
direct behavioural responses and ability to learn from
such experiences so that they are minimised or
avoided in future. This suggests the existence of feelings of pain in many species. Feelings, such as pain,
fear, and various kinds of pleasure will often be an
important part of the biological mechanism for coping
with actual or potential damage. Sometimes the
response is to avoid whatever is causing the damage.
Consequent learning allows the minimising of future
damage and, where the pain is chronic, behaviour and
physiology can be changed to ameliorate adverse
effects. Pain systems have been identified by anatomical and physiological investigation and by studies of
behavioural responses, particularly with the assistance
of analgesic administration as an experimental probe.
Many kinds of aquatic and terrestrial animals have apain system involving receptors, neural pathways andanalytical centres in the brain. There is also evidencefrom many animal groups of physiological responses,direct behavioural responses and ability to learn fromsuch experiences so that they are minimised oravoided in future. This suggests the existence of feelings of pain in many species. Feelings, such as pain,fear, and various kinds of pleasure will often be animportant part of the biological mechanism for copingwith actual or potential damage. Sometimes theresponse is to avoid whatever is causing the damage.Consequent learning allows the minimising of futuredamage and, where the pain is chronic, behaviour andphysiology can be changed to ameliorate adverseeffects. Pain systems have been identified by anatomical and physiological investigation and by studies ofbehavioural responses, particularly with the assistanceof analgesic administration as an experimental probe.
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