Recently new approaches have also emerged to conceptualizing both the process and product of this interaction (Cook, 2002, 2003; Ringbom, 2007). In this introduction we find it useful to consider L1–L2 interaction from the three perspectives that have, in our opinion, dominated research to date. The first starts from the premise that L2 acquisition is characterized by L1 transfer. The second looks at the interaction from the opposite end and considers transfer of L2 into L1 Finally, the third perspective at the L1-L2 interaction phenomenon by considering the dual – language system