■Urethral stricture/stenosis
■■Urinary tract infection
■■Constipation
■■Anticholinergic medication
■■Neurological disorders
■■Bladder stones
■■Foreign bodies (i.e. ring pessaries)
■■Uterine fibroids
■■Pelvic organ prolapse
■■Anti-incontinence surgery
■■Pelvic masses.