As we would expect from Tables 1–3, labor market vulnerability as measured by our vari- able outsiderness is not distributed equally across the occupational groups: female and young labor market participants experience atypical employment more often than men and elderly employees. In all countries, young female low-skilled service employees have the highest risk, and elderly male capital accumulators have the lowest risk of atypical employment and un- employment (see Schwander and Häusermann, 2013). For this article, it is particularly im- portant to note that the high-skilled are not shielded from labor market vulnerability.
12 Due to their low proportion (1.2% of respondents), we refrained from constructing a separated cat- egory for ’helping in family business’ and added them to the category of temporary employment.
13 We do not calculate the values of outsiderness directly in the ESS data for one main reason: the number of cases. The number of respondents (3500–8500 respondents for each country) in the EU-SILC household panel thus allows for a precise measurement of labor market vulnerability across countries even for those groups which are naturally small (such as old female blue-collar workers, for example), which is even more important since we rely on labor market conditions that may affect very small portions of the workforce only.