These molecular diagnostic methods can increase theefficiency and specificity of bacterial detection in the infectedsamples, but still require bacterial culturing and DNA extraction,which need technical expertise to conduct. These moderndiagnostic methods can facilitate the initial detection andmonitoring of fire blight infection, and resolve uncertaintiesof fire blight infection from nectria twig blight and spray damagesymptoms. Some of these methods have been implementedfor pathogen diagnosis in tomato, pepper, citrus, grapes,pear, and apples (Larrea-Sarmiento et al. 2018; Shin et al.2018; Kong et al. 2016; Keremane et al. 2015; Kaluznaet al. 2013; Buhlmann et al. 2013; Kubota et al. 2008), buttheir adoption for accurate and on-site fire blight detection inapple still require optimization for sensitivity, precision, timeand cost effectiveness.