We conducted nine focus groups with high (n = 4 groups)
and low (n = 5 groups) income pregnant women aged
18-35 years in Rochester, Monroe County, NY. The
income cutoff was whether or not women were eligible for
WIC and/or Prenatal Care Assistance Program (PCAP),
about 185% of the US Federal Poverty Line. Focus groups
were advertised through flyers at obstetrics practices, Child
Care Council, Inc. of Rochester, and a local health and
parenting program for low income women. When women
called to volunteer for the study, the recruiter scheduled
them for either the high income focus groups or low
income focus groups based on whether or not women
responded that they received WIC or PCAP. No other
criteria were used to divide women into groups, although
we added one extra low income focus group to attempt
getting more white low income participants. Focus group
topics included women’s beliefs and behaviors around
health, weight gain, diet, and physical activity during
pregnancy (Table 1). The focus group discussion guide
was designed following the methods of Krueger [17].
Women received $40 cash as a gift for participating.
One researcher (M. Graham) moderated the discussions
while another researcher (K. Paul) observed and recorded
detailed notes on the women’s responses, interactions, and
physical appearances. The detailed notes captured as many
of the verbatim responses as possible. The researchers
debriefed immediately after each focus group to discuss
prominent themes according to the methods of Krueger
[17, 18]. The observer listened to the recordings after each
focus group to fill in the rest of the verbatim responses
following Krueger’s note-based analysis method. The
constant comparative method was used to code focus group
notes and to identify additional emergent themes [19]. Both
researchers discussed and agreed on the final themes.
Themes on the women’s beliefs and behaviors were categorized
within the integrative model of behavioral prediction
by Fishbein and Yzer [20] which is the guiding
theory for the intervention being developed. The model
states that behaviors are directly predicted by a strong
intention to perform the behavior in addition to an individual’s
skill level and amount of environmental constraints.
Intentions are in turn influenced by the set of
behavioral beliefs (what outcome will occur if I do this
behavior), normative beliefs (what do other people tell me
is the right behavior), and efficacy beliefs (what do I
believe I am capable of doing) that a person holds and
values related to that behavior. Participants provided
We conducted nine focus groups with high (n = 4 groups)
and low (n = 5 groups) income pregnant women aged
18-35 years in Rochester, Monroe County, NY. The
income cutoff was whether or not women were eligible for
WIC and/or Prenatal Care Assistance Program (PCAP),
about 185% of the US Federal Poverty Line. Focus groups
were advertised through flyers at obstetrics practices, Child
Care Council, Inc. of Rochester, and a local health and
parenting program for low income women. When women
called to volunteer for the study, the recruiter scheduled
them for either the high income focus groups or low
income focus groups based on whether or not women
responded that they received WIC or PCAP. No other
criteria were used to divide women into groups, although
we added one extra low income focus group to attempt
getting more white low income participants. Focus group
topics included women’s beliefs and behaviors around
health, weight gain, diet, and physical activity during
pregnancy (Table 1). The focus group discussion guide
was designed following the methods of Krueger [17].
Women received $40 cash as a gift for participating.
One researcher (M. Graham) moderated the discussions
while another researcher (K. Paul) observed and recorded
detailed notes on the women’s responses, interactions, and
physical appearances. The detailed notes captured as many
of the verbatim responses as possible. The researchers
debriefed immediately after each focus group to discuss
prominent themes according to the methods of Krueger
[17, 18]. The observer listened to the recordings after each
focus group to fill in the rest of the verbatim responses
following Krueger’s note-based analysis method. The
constant comparative method was used to code focus group
notes and to identify additional emergent themes [19]. Both
researchers discussed and agreed on the final themes.
Themes on the women’s beliefs and behaviors were categorized
within the integrative model of behavioral prediction
by Fishbein and Yzer [20] which is the guiding
theory for the intervention being developed. The model
states that behaviors are directly predicted by a strong
intention to perform the behavior in addition to an individual’s
skill level and amount of environmental constraints.
Intentions are in turn influenced by the set of
behavioral beliefs (what outcome will occur if I do this
behavior), normative beliefs (what do other people tell me
is the right behavior), and efficacy beliefs (what do I
believe I am capable of doing) that a person holds and
values related to that behavior. Participants provided
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