• The cost of straw collection ranged from US$12 to US$18
per ton of straw in the MD, accounting for 10–20% of the total
investment cost of biogas or mushroom production; net profits of
mushroom production was US$123 (±14) per ton of straw used.
This study illustrated the feasibility of the mechanization of rice
straw collection. Despite fossil fuel consumption in mechanization
resulting in GHGE, mechanized rice straw collection can help avoid
in-field burning, produce feedstock for further sustainable processing,
and add value to rice production.