the reason is the perceived cost of using these techniques, as this chapter will show that many usability
techniques can be used quite cheaply. It should be no surprise, however, that practitioners view usability
methods as expensive considering, for example, that a paper in the widely read and very respected journal
Communications of the ACM estimated that the "costs required to add human factors elements to the
development of software" was $128,330 [Mantei and Teorey 1988]. This sum is several times the total budget
for usability in most smaller companies, and one interface evangelist has actually found it necessary to warn
such small companies against believing the CACM estimate