1.Mastery experience: after completing a task, students interpret and evaluate their results and judge or revise their competence. Successful mastery (i.e., effort leading to the desired outcomes) enhances self-efficacy beliefs.
2.Vicarious experience: one’s abilities are judged in comparison to the abilities of other students. If a student is as successful as or more successful than other students, then value can be added to the student’s own performance.
3.Verbal and social persuasion: feelings of self-efficacy can be enhanced by encouragement from parents, teachers, and/or trusted peers though they may be limited in their ability to create sustainable increases in self-efficacy.
4.Emotional and physiological state: for students, physiological arousal during activities is an indicator of competence. Bandura (1997) suggested that people function optimally when their physiological arousal is neither too high nor too low.