he PPP framework assumes that the dimensions and levels of
place attachment may overlap, but may also be separable. Therefore,
validation of the framework will require evidence that the
components of place attachment are as proposed. One approach
would be to develop a place attachment measurement instrument,
and explore the factors that emerge. Another would be to
demonstrate place attachment’s multidimensionality by showing
that its effects differ depending on the type or level of the attachment
(Kyle, Graefe, Manning, & Bacon, 2004; Stedman, 2002;
Vorkinn & Riese, 2001). For example, Vorkinn and Riese (2001)
showed that Norwegian residents who were strongly attached to
specific areas of a municipality tended to express more opposition
to a proposed hydropower plant development, but that those who
were especially attached to the municipality as a whole were in
favor of the development. This supports the view that a simple
measure of place attachment does not always predict attitudes or