The expansion of retailer-led food production standards over recent years has seen certification against
such standards become a de facto condition of access to numerous supply chains. GLOBALG.A.P. standards,
in particular, have extended the traditional focus of retailer-led standards beyond food safety to
include compliance points addressing environmental protection and labour welfare. This has stimulated
considerable research on the implications of standards compliance for small producers. However, little
attention has been paid either to the relationships between so-called private standards and state-based
regulatory regimes or to the implications of standards compliance for corporate farms, their employees
and neighbouring communities. This paper examines these relationships and implications in the context
of plantation banana production in the Philippines, focussing, in particular, on gaps that emerge between
the ideals of social and environmental responsibility embodied in private standards and actual practices
of regulation. It finds that while compliance with private standards is associated with comparatively
favourable treatment of labour, deference to poorly enforced national legislation conceals ongoing human
rights and environmental concerns.
The expansion of retailer-led food production standards over recent years has seen certification againstsuch standards become a de facto condition of access to numerous supply chains. GLOBALG.A.P. standards,in particular, have extended the traditional focus of retailer-led standards beyond food safety toinclude compliance points addressing environmental protection and labour welfare. This has stimulatedconsiderable research on the implications of standards compliance for small producers. However, littleattention has been paid either to the relationships between so-called private standards and state-basedregulatory regimes or to the implications of standards compliance for corporate farms, their employeesand neighbouring communities. This paper examines these relationships and implications in the contextof plantation banana production in the Philippines, focussing, in particular, on gaps that emerge betweenthe ideals of social and environmental responsibility embodied in private standards and actual practicesof regulation. It finds that while compliance with private standards is associated with comparativelyfavourable treatment of labour, deference to poorly enforced national legislation conceals ongoing humanrights and environmental concerns.
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