To evaluate classroom learning informally, most faculty also have a repertoire of techniques. College teachers pose questions, listen carefully to student questions and comments, and monitor body language and facial expressions. These informal, often implicit evaluations allow instructors to make quick adjustment in their teaching: to slow down or review material in response to questions, confusion, and misunderstandings; or to move on because students have understood a particular concept well. As noted in chapter One, evaluations used primarily to inform teaching and improve learning, rather than to assign grades, are referred to as “formative”