The results show that chemical applications
against leafminers involving Profenofos and
Carbosulfan were ineffective in controlling these
target pests. Moreover, applications of both these
pesticides had deleterious effects on the beneficials,
reducing parasitism. Thus while these chemicals are
widely applied by farmers, their effects appear to be
negative rather than positive. As the same fungicide
treatments were used in the sprayed and control
plots, the effects can be attributed to the insecticides
per se. Pesticides including pyrethroids and organophosphates
are considered ineffective against
L. huidobrensis because of resistance (Macdonald
1991; Weintraub and Horowitz 1995). As Indonesian
populations of L. huidobrensis are likely to have