The policy conclusion to be drawn here requires some subtlety. Bruno also finds that “the growth effects Of inflation are at best obscure at low rates of inflation (less than 15-20% annually) He goes on to ask the question: why worry about low rates of inflation, especially if the costs of anticipated inflation can be avoided (by indexation) and those of unanticipated inflation seem to be low” Bruno also points out that “while the root of all high inflations is a financial deficit (and often, though not always, the monetary finance of it) this in turn can b consistent with multiple inflationary equilibria.”