Results<br>Cryoprotectant exposure time was critical for survival and regrowth of shoot tips. Shoot tips treated with PVS2 for 10 and 20 min and without LN exposure (− LN) recorded best survival of 85% and regrowth of 75% with cv ‘Velvick’ (Fig. 1a and Supplementary data Fig. 1a). There was no statistical difference between 10 and 20 min exposure of PVS2. Longer exposure times of either 30 or 40 min reduced the survival to 55 and 35% respectively, and regrowth to 35 and 15% respectively (Fig. 1a). PVS2 treatment duration was linked with the morphological and vigour differences of shoots when regenerated after 24 weeks regrowth (Fig. 2a–e). Shoot tips that had been exposed to PVS2 for 30 and 40 min had large callus at basal ends. Even though some shoots were produced from these treatments they lacked the vigour of the 0–20 min treatments. Cultivar ‘Velvick’ shoot tips exposed to PVS2 for 10 and 20 min had a normal growth habit similar to shoots with no PVS2 treated shoots (0 min exposure time). Shoots exposed to 0–20 min PVS2 treatment showed vigorous growth possessing dark green leaves and continuous reddish new flush.
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