The People Upon the coming of the Spanish colonialists
Before the coming of the Spanish colonialists, the people of the Philippine archipelago had already attained a semi-communal and semi-slave social sys- tem in many parts and also a feudal system in cer- tain parts, especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a feudal faith as Islam had already taken roots. The Aetas had the lowest form of social organization, which was primitive communal. The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago It was the basic political and economic unit independent of similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small ter- ritory. Each was headed by a chieftain called the rajah or datu. The social structure comprised of a petty nobili- the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or community, an intermediate class of freemen called the maharlikas who had enough land for their livelihood or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in the fields; and the ruled classes that included the timawas, the serfs who shared the crops with the petty nobility, and also the slaves and semi-slaves who worked without having any definite share in the harvest. There were two kinds of slaves then: those who had their own quarters, the aliping nama- mahay, and those who lived in their master's house, the aliping sagigilid. One acquired the status of a serf or a slave by inheritance, failure to pay debts and tribute, commission of crimes and captivity in wars between barangays. The Islamic sultanates of Sulu and mainland Mindanao represented a higher stage of political and economic development than the barangay. These had a feudal social organization Each of them encompassed more people and wider territory than the barangay. The sultan reigned supreme over eral datus and was conscious of his privilege to rule as a matter of hereditary "divine right". Though they presented themselves mainly as administrators of communal lands, apart from being direct owners of certain lands, the sultans, datus and the nobility exacted land rent in the form of reli- gious tribute and lived off on the toiling masses They constituted a landlord class attended by a retinue of religious teachers, scribes and leading war riors.
The sultanates emerged in the two centuries precedent to the coming of the Spanish colonialists. They were built up among the so-called third wave of Malay migrants whose rulers either tried to con- vert to Islam, bought out, enslaved or drove away the original non-Muslim inhabitants of the areas that they chose to settle in. Serfs and slaves alike were used to till the fields and to make more clearings from the forest. Throughout the archipelago, the scope of ba rangays could be enlarged either through the expan- sion of agriculture by the toil of the slaves or serfs, through conquests in war and through inter-barangay marriages of the nobility. The confederation of ba rangays was usually the result of a peace pact, a bar- ter agreement or an alliance to fight common internal and external enemies. As evident from the forms of social organization already attained, the pre-colonial inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had an internal basis for fur- ther social development. In either barangay or sul- tanate, there was a certain mode of production which was bound to develop further until it would wear out and be replaced with a new one There were de- finite classes whose struggle was bound to bring about social development As a matter of fact, the struggle within the barangay was already get class ting extended into inter-barangay wars. The barangay was akin to the Greek city-state in many respects and the sultanate to the feudal commonwealth of other countries. The people had developed extensive agricultural fields. In the plains or in the mountains, the people had developed irrigation systems The Ifugao rice terraces were the product of the engineering genius of the people, a marvel of 12,000 miles if strung end to end. There were livestock-raising, fishing and brew- ing of beverages. Also there were mining, the manu facture of metal implements, weapons and ornaments, lumbering, shipbuilding and weaving The handi crafts were developing fast Gunpowder had also come into use in warfare As far north as Manila when the Spaniards came, there was already a Mus- lim community which had cannons in its weaponry The ruling classes made use of arms to maintain the social system that they ruled, to assert their in dependence from other barangays or to repel foreign invaders. Their jurisprudence would still be evidenced today by the so-called Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim law These were touchstones of their cul ture. They had a written literature which included epics, ballads, riddles and verse-sayings; various forms and instruments of music and dances and art works that included well-designed bells, drums, gongs, shields, weapons, tools, utensils, boats, combs, smoke ing pipes, lime tubes and baskets. They sculpted images from wood, bone, ivory, horn or metals. In areas where anito worship and polytheism prevailed the images of flora and fauna were imitated, and in areas where the Muslim faith prevailed, geometric and arabesque designs were made. Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a record of what the Spanish conquistadores came upon, would later be used by Dr. Jose Rizal as testimony to the achievement of the indios in pre-colonial times. There was inter-island commerce ranging from Luzon to Mindanao and vice versa. There were ex- tensive trade relations with neighboring countries like China, Indo-China, North Borneo, Indonesia, Malaya Japan and Thailand. Traders from as far as India and the Middle East vied for commerce with the pre-colonial inhabitants of the archipelago. As early as the 9th century, Sulu was an important trading em porium where trading ships from Cambodia, China and Indonesia converged. Arab traders brought goods from Sulu to the Chinese mainland through the port of Canton. In the 14th century, a large fleet of 60 vessels from China anchored at Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu. Previous to this, Chinese trading junks had been intermittently sailing into various points of the Philippine shoreline. The barter system was employed or gold and metal gongs were used as medium of ex change
คนที่ตามมาของ colonialists สเปน ก่อนการมาของ colonialists สเปน ชาวหมู่เกาะฟิลิปปินส์ได้แล้วบรรลุเป็นกึ่งสาธารณะ และกึ่งทาสท่านสังคม sys-ยการในหลายส่วน และระบบศักดินาใน cer tain โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง ในมินดาเนาและซูลู ที่เชื่อเช่นศักดินาเป็นอิสลามแล้วได้รับราก ทัสที่มีแบบต่ำองค์กรทางสังคม ซึ่งดั้งเดิมของชุมชน บามีชุมชนทั่วไปในหมู่เกาะทั้งหมด มีพื้นฐานทางการเมือง และเศรษฐกิจหน่วยอิสระคล้ายกันผู้อื่น แต่ละกอดคนและ ritory เธอเล็ก ๆ ไม่กี่ร้อย แต่ละที่หัว โดยหัวหน้าเผ่าที่เรียกว่าราจาห์หรือดาตู โครงสร้างทางสังคมประกอบด้วยเป็น petty nobili-ชั้นปกครองซึ่งได้เริ่มต้นการสะสมที่ดินที่เอกชนเป็นเจ้าของ หรือจัดการในตระกูลหรือชุมชน ชั้นกลางเป็น freemen ที่เรียกว่า maharlikas ที่มีที่ดินเพียงพอสำหรับการดำรงชีวิตของพวกเขา หรือผู้แสดงบริการพิเศษกับไม้ และที่ไม่มีการทำงานในเขต และเรียนเส้นบรรทัดที่รวมอยู่ใน timawas, serfs ที่ใช้ปลูกร่วมกับ ขุนนาง petty และยังทาส และกึ่งทาสที่ทำงานไม่แน่นอนใดๆ ที่ใช้ร่วมกันในการเก็บเกี่ยว มีสองประเภทของทาสแล้ว: ผู้ที่มีรอบตัวเอง aliping nama-mahay และผู้ที่อาศัยอยู่ในบ้านของพวกเขาหลัก aliping sagigilid หนึ่งได้รับสถานะของข้าเป็นแผ่นหรือเป็นทาส โดยสืบทอด ความล้มเหลวในการชำระหนี้ และส่วย คณะอาชญากรรมและเชลยสงครามระหว่างคน Sultanates อิสลามของแผ่นดินใหญ่มินดาเนาและซูลูแสดงขั้นสูงของการพัฒนาทางการเมือง และเศรษฐกิจมากกว่าการบา เหล่านี้มีองค์กรที่สังคมศักดินาของผ่านคนและอาณาเขตกว้างกว่าบาเพิ่มมากขึ้น สุลต่าน reigned สูงสุดเหนือ eral datus และมีสติเขาสิทธิ์กฎเป็นเรื่องของรัชทายาทแห่ง "เทวสิทธิ์" แม้ว่าพวกเขานำเสนอตัวเองเป็นผู้ดูแลของชุมชนที่ดิน นอกจากมีเจ้าของที่โดยตรงของดินแดนบาง ซัลเทนอายคอม datus และขุนนางได้เรียกร้องเอาที่ดินให้เช่าในรูปแบบของส่วย reli gious และอาศัยอยู่จะทะลักเจ้าของชั้นเรียนโดยบริวารของครูผู้สอนศาสนา ภาพและ riors สงครามนำฝูง toiling ปิดThe sultanates emerged in the two centuries precedent to the coming of the Spanish colonialists. They were built up among the so-called third wave of Malay migrants whose rulers either tried to con- vert to Islam, bought out, enslaved or drove away the original non-Muslim inhabitants of the areas that they chose to settle in. Serfs and slaves alike were used to till the fields and to make more clearings from the forest. Throughout the archipelago, the scope of ba rangays could be enlarged either through the expan- sion of agriculture by the toil of the slaves or serfs, through conquests in war and through inter-barangay marriages of the nobility. The confederation of ba rangays was usually the result of a peace pact, a bar- ter agreement or an alliance to fight common internal and external enemies. As evident from the forms of social organization already attained, the pre-colonial inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had an internal basis for fur- ther social development. In either barangay or sul- tanate, there was a certain mode of production which was bound to develop further until it would wear out and be replaced with a new one There were de- finite classes whose struggle was bound to bring about social development As a matter of fact, the struggle within the barangay was already get class ting extended into inter-barangay wars. The barangay was akin to the Greek city-state in many respects and the sultanate to the feudal commonwealth of other countries. The people had developed extensive agricultural fields. In the plains or in the mountains, the people had developed irrigation systems The Ifugao rice terraces were the product of the engineering genius of the people, a marvel of 12,000 miles if strung end to end. There were livestock-raising, fishing and brew- ing of beverages. Also there were mining, the manu facture of metal implements, weapons and ornaments, lumbering, shipbuilding and weaving The handi crafts were developing fast Gunpowder had also come into use in warfare As far north as Manila when the Spaniards came, there was already a Mus- lim community which had cannons in its weaponry The ruling classes made use of arms to maintain the social system that they ruled, to assert their in dependence from other barangays or to repel foreign invaders. Their jurisprudence would still be evidenced today by the so-called Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim law These were touchstones of their cul ture. They had a written literature which included epics, ballads, riddles and verse-sayings; various forms and instruments of music and dances and art works that included well-designed bells, drums, gongs, shields, weapons, tools, utensils, boats, combs, smoke ing pipes, lime tubes and baskets. They sculpted images from wood, bone, ivory, horn or metals. In areas where anito worship and polytheism prevailed the images of flora and fauna were imitated, and in areas where the Muslim faith prevailed, geometric and arabesque designs were made. Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a record of what the Spanish conquistadores came upon, would later be used by Dr. Jose Rizal as testimony to the achievement of the indios in pre-colonial times. There was inter-island commerce ranging from Luzon to Mindanao and vice versa. There were ex- tensive trade relations with neighboring countries like China, Indo-China, North Borneo, Indonesia, Malaya Japan and Thailand. Traders from as far as India and the Middle East vied for commerce with the pre-colonial inhabitants of the archipelago. As early as the 9th century, Sulu was an important trading em porium where trading ships from Cambodia, China and Indonesia converged. Arab traders brought goods from Sulu to the Chinese mainland through the port of Canton. In the 14th century, a large fleet of 60 vessels from China anchored at Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu. Previous to this, Chinese trading junks had been intermittently sailing into various points of the Philippine shoreline. The barter system was employed or gold and metal gongs were used as medium of ex change
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
