The apparent lack of academic articles on HPO in Thailand does not mean there have not been initiatives in this field in Thai organizations. In fact, the concept of HPO was introduced in Thailand – through the Thailand Quality Award (TQA) – as an organizational development concept. The TQA, based on the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award, has been awarded since 2002 to outstanding Thai organizations (Federal of Thailand Performance Improvement, 2010). Its criteria have now been adopted by many sectors in Thailand, such as the Hospital Accreditation (HA), the Public Sector Management Quality (PMQA), the State Enterprise of Performance Appraisal (SEPA), and the Thailand Public Company Ltd - PTTThailand