In that vein, let us revisit the Atlanta standardized cheating scandal alluded to at several points in the book. The Atlanta test score results were first flagged because of a high number of “wrong-to-right” erasures. Obviously students taking standardized exams erase answers all the time. And some groups of students may be particularly lucky in their changes, without any cheating necessarily being involved. For that reason, the null hypothesis is that the standardized test scores for any particular school district are legitimate and that any irregular patterns of erasures are merely a product of chance. We certainly do not want to be punish¬ing students or administrators because an unusually high proportion of students happened to make sensible changes to their answer sheets in the final minutes of an important state exam.